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Lec 3, Ch. 2 Transp Systems & Organization

Lec 3, Ch. 2 Transp Systems & Organization. (Objectives). Understand the nation’s transportation system is the result of independent actions (through reading) Understand the nation’s transportation is in a constant state of flux (through reading) Understand each mode has its own niche to serve

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Lec 3, Ch. 2 Transp Systems & Organization

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  1. Lec 3, Ch. 2 Transp Systems & Organization (Objectives) • Understand the nation’s transportation system is the result of independent actions (through reading) • Understand the nation’s transportation is in a constant state of flux (through reading) • Understand each mode has its own niche to serve • Know typical modes for passenger and freight transportation • Know major transportation organizations (through reading) • Understand the interaction of supply and demand

  2. What we discuss in this lecture… • Forces affecting the nation’s transportation • Typical modes for passenger and freight transportation and modal networks • Niches of transportation modes and intermodalism • Interaction of supply and demand • Term project guidelines

  3. Economy, competition, costs and prices of service Market Forces Government Actions Technology Forces that change the transportation system At any point in time, the nation’s transportation is in a state of equilibrium as expressed by the traffic carried for each mode and the level of service provided (like time, cost, frequency, and comfort). Speed, capacity, range, reliability Regulation, subsidy, promotion

  4. Typical Modes & Niches for Passenger Transport Walking & Biking  Good for any areas and short distance trips. Preferably flat terrain, good bike facilities needed for safety  Good for low density residential areas. Not so good for high density residential and commercial areas  Good for high density areas and for delivering passengers to various parts of the urban area. Work as feeders to railway stations  Good for high volume low to medium travel distance, high volume areas or connecting high volume areas. In the U.S. not much used for long distances.  Good for long distance travels that cannot be served rails and buses (Travel time is crucial)

  5. How do we select a mode?: Advantages and complementarity of modes “Each mode has inherent advantages of cost, travel time, convenience, and flexibility that make it “right for the job” under a certain set of circumstances. Example 2.1: 400 mile trip Select the best mode among the followings: “Cost saving” in travel time = $25/hr

  6. Intermodalism example: Salt Lake CityIntermodal Station Intermodal Station – near the Current Amtrak St. Downtown SLC U Sandy Terminal SLC Airport Provo/Orem Payson “Commuter Train”

  7. Interaction of Supply and Demand The extent and quality of the system in place which constitutes the supply of transportation facilities and services The state of the economy which produces the demand for transportation Supply and demand reaches a state of equilibrium when the user’s need is met by the existing supply.

  8. Figure 2.2 A new bridge to the mainland Demand & Cost relationship Mainland Equilibrium state Cost/mi Inaccessible at present Proposed toll bridge $0.2 (Toll) Supply & Cost relationship Island Demand side: Less cost, More demand 2 Traffic volume (1000 units/day) Supply side: Cost = Fixed Cost +Toll + Travel Time Since the facility capacity is fixed, more demand means higher travel cost due to delay. Shows how the available supply is affected by the volume of traffic that uses the system (demand).

  9. Problem 2-3 (a) Supply side: C = 50 + 0.5V Fixed cost + Travel time cost Equilibrium C: Cost/veh Demand side: V = 2500 – 10C i.e. C = 250 – V/10 50¢ fixed cost 2500 V: Volume (a) Asks for Volume at current equilibrium

  10. Problem 2-3 (b) New Equilibrium Old Equilibrium New Supply side: C = 50 +25 + 0.5V FC + Toll + Travel Time C: Cost/veh Demand side: V = 2500 – 10C i.e. C = 250 – V/10 50¢ fixed cost 2500 V: Volume (b) Asks for Volume at the new equilibrium

  11. Problem 2-3 (c) Extra toll booth, less travel time cost Supply side: C = 50 + 0.2V Fixed cost + Travel time cost Old Equilibrium C: Cost/veh New Equilibrium Demand side: V = 2500 – 10C i.e. C = 250 – V/10 50¢ fixed cost 2500 V: Volume (c) Asks for Volume at the new equilibrium after the service is increased

  12. Problem 2-3 (d) Max revenue with a toll(Toll agency’s desire) dR/dT = 0 Revenue = Toll * Volume R = T * V Find V first from V = 2500 - 10*(C) V = 2500 - 10*(50 + 0.5*V + T) So, V = 2500 – 500 – 5V –10T Hence V = (2000 – 10T)/6 Plug this V in R = T*V = T*(2000-10T)/6 =(2000T – 10T2)/6 You know what to do to get optimal T  dR/dT = 0 R To T 2000 – 20T = 0 Hence To = 100 cents

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