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The 1920s

The 1920s. THE WORLD AS IT LOOKED TO MANY AMERICANS AFTER WWI, FULL OF PROBLEMS AND DANGERS. SOLDIERS RETURNING TO THE U.S. AFTER WWI. INFLATION 1913 TO 1925. LEGEND 1913 1924 1925. I. Postwar America.

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The 1920s

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  1. The 1920s

  2. THE WORLD AS IT LOOKED TO MANY AMERICANS AFTER WWI, FULL OF PROBLEMS AND DANGERS.

  3. SOLDIERS RETURNING TO THE U.S. AFTER WWI

  4. INFLATION 1913 TO 1925 LEGEND 1913 1924 1925

  5. I. Postwar America Americans fearful of outsiders = nativism – prejudice against foreign born people. B. Belief in isolationism (policy of pulling away from involvement in world affairs) also divided Americans.

  6. . C. Fear of Communism – economic and political system based on a single-party government ruled by a dictatorship, in which wealth and power are equalized, private property is eliminated and the gov., owns all factories, railroads, and other businesses.

  7. C. Fear of Communism – cont. 1.) Red Scare • Anti-communist panic began in 1919 after the Russian Revolution called out for worldwide revolution and the abolishment of capitalism. • A Communist party formed in the U.S. and Americans feared that communism was spreading to the U.S. - dozens of bombs were mailed to gov. and business leaders.

  8. THE RUSSIAN BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION IN 1917 LED TO WIDE SCALE FEAR IN THE U.S. THAT COMMUNISTS WOULD TRY TO TAKE OVER THE COUNTRY

  9. RED SCARE EVENTS IN RUSSIA AND EUROPE AND MASSIVE STRIKES AT HOME LED TO A FEAR THAT THE U.S. WOULD BE THE NEXT TARGET OF COMMUNISTS

  10. 1.) Red Scare – cont. - U.S. Attorney General Mitchell Palmer went on a communist hunt! - Palmer Raids - Assisted by J. Edgar Hoover, Palmer hunted down suspected communists, anarchists, and socialists. - they trampled civil rights, invaded homes and offices and jailed suspects w/out legal counsel. - hundreds of foreign-born radicals were deported w/out trials. - failed to find evidence of revolutionary conspiracies!!!

  11. PALMER RAIDS A. MITCHELL PALMER

  12. AS A RESULT OF THE PALMER RAIDS HUNDREDS OF IMMIGRANTS WERE FORCIBLY DEPORTED TO THEIR HOME COUNTRIES “SHIP OR SHOOT”

  13. 2.) Sacco and Vanzetti Case - Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, a shoemaker and a fish peddler, both Italian immigrants and anarchists; both evaded the draft. - 1920 arrested and charged with robbery and murder of two workers. - witnesses said criminals “looked” Italian - Sacco and Vanzetti claimed their innocence and provided alibis, evidence was circumstantial and judge made prejudicial remarks. - Jury found them guilty and sentenced them to death! - protests rang out and many believed they were mistreated because of their beliefs. - 1961 ballistics showed that the pistol found on Sacco was the one used in the murder

  14. SACCO & VANZETTI

  15. DESPITE MASSIVE PROTESTS AROUND THE GLOBE SACCO AND VANZETTI WERE EXECUTED IN AUGUST OF 1927 THE FUNERAL DEATH MASKS

  16. FEAR OF OUTSIDE INFLUENCES LED TO RESTRICTIONS ON IMMIGRATION

  17. D. Limiting Immigration – fear of outside influence led to restrictions on immigration 1.) Emergency Quota Act of 1921 established a maximum number of people who could enter the U.S. from each foreign country - goal was to cut European immigration - law prohibited Japanese immigration - quota system did not apply to immigrants from the Western Hemisphere – during the 1920s about 1 million Canadians and 500,000 Mexicans crossed into the U.S.

  18. 2.) Hate groups formed as a result of the Red Scare and anti-immigrant feelings - Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was devoted to “100 percent Americanism” - 4.5 million members by 1924, only “white male persons, native-born gentile citizens.” - targeted African Americans, Roman Catholics, Jews and foreign-born people.

  19. EXTREME FEAR OF FOREIGN INFLUENCES BREEDS HATRED

  20. THE KLAN SHOW ITS POWER AND STRENGTH BY ORGANIZING A MARCH IN WASHINGTON D.C. IN 1925 50,000 KU KLUX KLAN MEMBERS MARCHING BY AUGUST OF 1925 THE KLAN HAD 5 MILLION MEMBERS AND CONTROLLED THE SEVERAL STATE GOVERNMENTS

  21. ANTI SEMITISM IN THE 1920s ANTI-DEFAMATION LEAGUE FOUNDED, 1913 "THE IMMEDIATE OBJECT OF THE LEAGUE IS TO STOP, BY APPEALS TO REASON AND CONSCIENCE AND, IF NECESSARY, BY APPEALS TO LAW, THE DEFAMATION OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE. ITS ULTIMATE PURPOSE IS TO SECURE JUSTICE AND FAIR TREATMENT TO ALL CITIZENS ALIKE AND TO PUT AN END FOREVER TO UNJUST AND UNFAIR DISCRIMINATION AGAINST AND RIDICULE OF ANY SECT OR BODY OF CITIZENS." ADL CHARTER OCTOBER 1913 LEO FRANK, JEWISH BUSINESSMAN, WAS LYNCHED IN ATLANTA IN 1915 FOR A CRIME HE DID NOT COMMIT LOGO FROM: www.adl.org

  22. THE NAACP, WHICH WAS FOUNDED IN 1909, REFUSED TO BE INTIMIDATED BY THE KLAN. THEY HELD THEIR ANNUAL CONFERENCE IN 1920 IN ATLANTA, ONE OF THE MOST ACTIVE KLAN AREAS AT THE TIME. TWO YEARS LATER, THE NAACP PLACED LARGE ADS IN MAJOR NEWSPAPERS TO PRESENT THE FACTS ABOUT LYNCHING. THIS CARTOON SHOWS THE ANTI-LYNCHING BILLS BEING PUT OFF BY CONGRESS. THE NAACP LOBBIED CONGRESS UNSUCCESSFULLY FOR LEGISLATION. LOGO FROM www.naacp.org

  23. E. Labor Unrest - During the war strikes were illegal because they would interfere with the war effort. - 1919 – there were more than 3,000 strikes and 4 million workers walked off the job - Employers did not want to give raises or allow their workers to join unions. - Employers labeled striking workers Communists.

  24. E. Labor Unrest – continued 1.)Boston Police Strike - grievances =no raise since start of the war, not allowed to unionize - representatives asked for a raise and were fired = strike - Mass. Governor Calvin Coolidge called out the Nat’l Guard and ended the strike - strikers weren’t allowed to return to work and new police officers were hired.

  25. BOSTON POLICE STRIKE EDITORIAL CARTOONS

  26. E. Labor Unrest – cont. 2.)Steel Mill Strike 1919 - steel workers wanted right to negotiate for shorter hours and higher wages. - U.S. Steel Corporation refused to meet with union reps. - 300,000 workers walked off the job - steel companies hired strikebreakers = employees who agreed to work during the strike - striking workers were beaten by police, federal troops and state militia - when negotiations deadlocked, Pres. Wilson issued a plea to the strikers - Strike ended in 1920

  27. “At a time when the nations of the world are endeavoring to find a way of avoiding war, are we to confess that there is no method to be found for carrying on industry except … the very method of war?... Are our industrial leaders and our industrial workers to live together without faith in each other?” Woodrow Wilson

  28. E.Labor Unrest – cont. 3.)Labor Movement loses appeal in the 1920s because: - Most of the work force consisted of immigrants willing to work in poor conditions. - unions had difficulty organizing - most unions excluded African Americans

  29. 1919 CARTOONS ON THE WAVE OF STRIKES SWEEPING THE U.S.

  30. PRESIDENTIAL POLICIES • HARDING 1921-1923 • COOLIDGE 1923-1928 • HOOVER 1929-1933

  31. WARREN HARDING TWENTY-NINTH PRESIDENT1921-1923 BORN: NOVEMBER 2, 1865 IN CORSICA, OHIO DIED: AUGUST 2, 1923 DURING HIS PRESIDENCY WHILE VISITING SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA

  32. BEFORE HIS NOMINATION, WARREN G. HARDING DECLARED, "AMERICA'S PRESENT NEED IS NOT HEROICS, BUT HEALING; NOT NOSTRUMS, BUT NORMALCY; NOT REVOLUTION, BUT RESTORATION; NOT AGITATION, BUT ADJUSTMENT; NOT SURGERY, BUT SERENITY; NOT THE DRAMATIC, BUT THE DISPASSIONATE; NOT EXPERIMENT, BUT EQUIPOISE; NOT SUBMERGENCE IN INTERNATIONALITY, BUT SUSTAINMENT IN TRIUMPHANT NATIONALITY...." Harding speaking

  33. II. Presidential Policies A. Warren G. Harding - took office in 1921 - Called for a return to “Normalcy” 1.) Peace/Foreign Policy: - 1921 – Harding calls a conference in Washington DC where the U.S. , Great Britain, France, Japan, and Italy all agree to reduce their navies. - 1928 – 15 countries sign the Kellogg-Briand Pact which renounced war as an instrument of national policy (pact was futile and was not enforced)

  34. 2.) Tariff and Reparations: - Conflict arose when Great Britain and France were asked to pay back the $10 million they owed the U.S. - they could do this by, selling goods to the U.S. or collecting war reparations from Germany - However, in 1922, the Fordney-McCumber Tariff was passed raising taxes on imported goods by 60% - Britain and France could not afford to sell enough goods to repay the debt. - GB and France looked to Germany who could not pay = France marches into Germany

  35. 2.) Tariffs and Reparations – cont. - U.S. wants to avoid war - American banker Charles G. Dawes is sent to negotiate loans. - Dawes Plan = U.S. loans Germany $2.5 billion to repay Great Britain and France, Great Britain and France then pay the U.S. - caused resentment b/c Britain and France thought the U.S. was stingy for not paying a fair share of the cost of the war and the U.S. had benefitted from the defeat of Germany while Europeans lost millions of lives. - U.S. considered GB and France financially irresponsible.

  36. 3.) Scandal - Harding appointed his poker-playing cronies, known as the Ohio-gang, to important cabinet positions - Harding’s administration soon unraveled b/c his corrupt friends used their offices to become wealthy through graft. - Charles Forbes, head of veterans affairs, illegally sold government and hospital supplies to private companies. - Thomas Miller, head of the Office of Alien Property, caught taking a bribe.

  37. 3.) Scandal – cont. - Teapot Dome Scandal - gov. had set aside oil-rich land in Teapot Dome Wyoming, and Elks Hills, California, for use by the U.S. Navy. - Sec. of the Interior, Albert B. Fall managed to get the oil reserves transferred from the navy to the Interior Department. - Fall then secretly leased the land to 2 private oil companies and received more than $400,000 in “loans, bonds, and cash.” - Fall was found guilty of bribery and became the 1st American to be convicted of a felony while holding a cabinet position.

  38. HARDING’S ADMINISTRATION WAS ROCKED BY SCANDALS. HE SAID, OF THE FRIENDS HE HAD APPOINTED TO HIGH OFFICE, "MY GOD, THIS IS A HELL OF A JOB! I HAVE NO TROUBLE WITH MY ENEMIES . . . BUT MY DAMNED FRIENDS... THEY’RE THE ONES THAT KEEP ME WALKING THE FLOOR NIGHTS."  THREE MAJOR SCANDALS: 1. IN THE VETERANS' BUREAU 2. IN THE OFFICE OF THE ALIEN PROPERTY CUSTODIAN 3. IN THE DEPARTMENTS OF THE INTERIOR AND JUSTICE.

  39. 4.) Harding’s Death - August 2, 1923 Harding dies suddenly - Vice President Calvin Coolidge takes office just as the scandals from Harding’s administration come to light.

  40. B.Calvin Coolidge’s Presidency 1.) Assumes office in 1923 upon Harding’s death 2.) Won the election of 1924 3.) Goals: - keep taxes down, business profits up, keep government interference in business to a minimum and allow private enterprise to flourish. 4.) Coolidge’s admin. placed high tariffs on foreign imports, which helped American manufacturers. 5.) Wages rose!!

  41. PRESIDENT COOLIDGE: 1923-1929 “THE BUSINESS OF AMERICA IS BUSINESS" "CIVILIZATION AND PROFITS GO HAND IN HAND" COOLIDGE WAS THE LEAST ACTIVE PRESIDENT IN HISTORY, TAKING DAILY AFTERNOON NAPS AND PROPOSING NO NEW LEGISLATION

  42. ELECTION OF 1928

  43. III. Life in the 1920s

  44. A.The Automobile changed the American landscape 1.) Led to the construction of paved roads 2.) Construction of Route 66 led to settlement out west 3.) Architectural styles of homes changed b/c people needed garages = smaller lawns 4.) Construction of gas stations, repair shops, motels, tourist camps, shopping centers 5.) First automatic traffic signals, underwater tunnels for vehicles 6.) connected rural families to the cities 7.) allowed families to vacation in new, faraway places

  45. 8.) allowed workers to live miles from their jobs = urban sprawl – cities spread in all directions. 9.) auto industry provided an economic base for many cities like Akron, Ohio and Flint, Michigan 10.) auto industry symbolized the success of the free enterprise system 11.) planned obsolescence – manufacturing concept which calls for slight changes in style to be made periodically in order to encourage customers to discard old models and buy newer ones. (By the late 1920s, 80% of all registered vehicles in the world were in the U.S.)

  46. THE AUTOMOBILE, ELECTRICITY AND HOUSING INDUSTRIES WERE THE MAJOR FACTORS FUELING THE ECONOMIC “BOOM” OF THE 1920s

  47. HENRY FORD, THE MAN WHO REVOLUTIONIZED MANUFACTURING BY MECHANIZING THE ASSEMBLY LINE MODE OF PRODUCTION IN 1925 FORD WAS PRODUCING NEW MODEL T’S AT THE RATE OF ONE EVERY TEN SECONDS.

  48. $265 =$2742 IN 2002 DOLLARS $685.00 =$7089.00 IN 2002 DOLLARS $775.00 =$7863.00 ON 2002 DOLLARS

  49. INADEQUATE PARKING AND ROADS WERE APPARENT BY THE MID 1920s

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