S ection 2 The Brain (Encephalon) ( 脑 )

Section 2The Brain (Encephalon) (脑) THE BRAIN STEM(脑干) THE CEREBELLUM (小脑) THE DIENCEPHALON (间脑) THE TELENCEPHALON(端脑) Average Total Weight: 1400 g Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

A. Divisions of Brain (脑的分部) Early embryo (早期胚胎) Late embryo (晚期胚胎) Adult (成人) telencephalon (端脑) cerebrum (大脑) forebrain(前脑) (prosencephalon) diencephalon (间脑) diencephalon (间脑) midbrain(中脑) (mesencephalon) mesencephalon (中脑) midbrain (中脑) cerebellum (小脑) metencephalon (后脑) hindbrain(菱脑) (rhombencephalon) pons (脑桥) myelencephalon (延脑) medulla oblongata(延髓) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

B. Brain Stem (脑干) 1.  Subdivision of the brain stem 1) medulla oblongata (bulb) (延髓) 2) pons (脑桥) 3) midbrain (中脑) 4) rhomboid fossa (菱形窝) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

B. Brain Stem (脑干)  2.External features (外形) 1)medulla oblongata (bulb) (延髓) a. anterior median fissure (前正中裂) b. pyramid(锥体) c.decussation of pyramid (锥体交叉) d. anterolateral sulcus (前外侧沟) - XII Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

B. Brain Stem (脑干) e. olive (橄榄) - dorsal - IX, Ⅹ, XI f. bulbopontine sulcus (延髓脑桥沟) -VI,VII,VIII Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

B. Brain Stem (脑干) g. posterior median sulcus (后正中沟) h. gracile tubercle (薄束结节) i. cuneate tubercle (楔束结节) j. obex (闩) k. inferior cerebellar peduncle (小脑下脚) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

B. Brain Stem (脑干) 2) pons(脑桥) a. basilar part (基底部) - V b. basilar sulcus (基底沟) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

B. Brain Stem (脑干) c. middle cerebellar peduncle (小脑中脚) d. pontocerebeller trigone (脑桥小脑三角) e. superior cerebellar peduncle (小脑上脚) f. superior medullary velum(上髓帆) d Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

B. Brain Stem (脑干) 3) midbrain(中脑) a. crus cerebri (大脑脚) b. interpeduncular fossa (脚间窝) - III c. posterior perforated substance (后穿质) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

B. Brain Stem (脑干) d. superior colliculus (上丘) e. brachium of superior colliculus (上丘臂) f. inferior colliculus (下丘) - IV g. brachium of inferior colliculus (下丘臂) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

B. Brain Stem (脑干) 4) rhomboid fossa(菱形窝) (floor of the 4th ventricle第四脑室底) a. median sulcus(正中沟) b.sulcus limitans (界沟) c. locus ceruleus (蓝斑) d. striae medullares (髓纹) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

B. Brain Stem (脑干) e. vestibular area (前庭区) f. acoustic tubercle (听结节) g.medial eminence (内侧隆起) h. facial colliculus (面神经丘) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

B. Brain Stem (脑干) i. hypoglossal triangle (舌下神经三角) j. vagal triangle (迷走神经三角) k. area postrema (最后区) l. inferior medullary velum (下髓帆) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

B. Brain Stem (脑干) 5) fourth ventricle(第四脑室) a. tela choroidea of 4th ventricle (第四脑室脉络组织) b. choroid plexus of 4th ventricle (第四脑室脉络丛) c. median aperture of 4th ventricle (第四脑室正中孔) d. lateral apertures of 4th ventricle (第四脑室外侧孔) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

B. Brain Stem (脑干) 3. Internal structure (内部结构) 1) nuclei of cranial nerves (脑神经核) a. Somatic motor column (GSE) (躯体运动柱) i. oculomotor nucleus (III核) ii. trochlear nucleus (IV核) iii. abducens nucleus (VI核) iv. hypoglossal nucleus (XII核) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

B. Brain Stem (脑干) b. special visceral motor column (SVE) (特殊内脏运动柱) i. motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve (三叉神经运动核)→ muscle of mastication ii. facial nucleus (面神经核)→ muscles of expression iii. nucleus ambiguus (疑核)→ muscle of pharynx and larynx iv. accessory nucleus (副神经核)→ trapezius & sternocleidomastoid Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

B. Brain Stem (脑干) c. general visceral motor column (GVE) (一般内脏运动柱) i.accessory oculomotor nucleus (Edinger-Westphal) (动眼神经副核) → sphincter pupillae, ciliary m. ii. superior salivatory nucleus (上泌涎核) → lacrimal gland, submandibular gland, sublingual gland Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

B. Brain Stem (脑干) iii. inferior salivatory nucleus (下泌涎核) → parotid gland iv. dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve (迷走神经背核) → most viscera in neck, thorax and abdomen Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

B. Brain Stem (脑干) d. visceral sensory column (GVS,SVA) (内脏感觉柱) nucleus of solitary tract (孤束核) a. gustatory n.(味觉核) ← taste (VII,IX,X) b. cardiorespiratory n.(心呼吸核) ← all sensory of viscera (IX,X) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

B. Brain Stem (脑干) e. general somatic sensory column (GSA) (一般躯体感觉柱) i. mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve(三叉神经中脑核) ← proprioceptive sense of masticatory mm. ii. pontine nucleus of V. (三叉神经脑桥核) ← tactile sense of head Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

B. Brain Stem (脑干) iii. spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve (三叉神经脊束核) ← pain and thermal sense of head f. special somatic sensory column (SSA) (特殊躯体感觉柱) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

B. Brain Stem (脑干) i. ventral & dorsal cochlear nuclei (蜗腹侧核, 蜗背侧核) ← cochlear ganglion (hearing) ii. vestibular nuclei (前庭神经核) ← vestibular ganglion (balance) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

B. Brain Stem (脑干) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

B. Brain Stem (脑干) 2) Noncranial nuclei(非脑神经核) a.  gracile nucleus(薄束核) Location: lower part of medulla.  fasciculus gracilis (T4)  internal arcuate fibers (内弓状纤维)  decussation of medial lemniscus (内侧丘系交叉)  medial lemniscus (内侧丘系) b.  cuneate nucleus (楔束核) Location: upper part of medulla.  fasciculus cuneatus (T4)  same as gracile nucleus. Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

B. Brain Stem (脑干) c. inferior olivary nucleus (下橄榄核)  all the central nervous system  olivocerebellar fibers — inferior cerebellar pedunclecerebellum. d. superior olivary nucleus (上橄榄核) e. pontine nuclei (脑桥核)  corticonuclear tract  pontocerebellar fibers — middle cerebellar pedunclecerebellum. f. nucleus of inferior colliculus(下丘核) g. red nucleus (红核) h. substantia nigra (黑质) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

B. Brain Stem (脑干) 3) white matter (白质) a. Long sensory tracts(长感觉束) i.  medial lemniscus(内侧丘系) ii.  lateral lemniscus(外侧丘系) iii.  trigeminal lemniscus(三叉丘系) iv. medial longitudinal fasciculus (内侧纵束) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

B. Brain Stem (脑干) v. anteriorspinocerebellar tract (脊髓小脑前束) vi. posterior spinocerebellar tract (脊髓小脑后束) b. Long motor tracts(长运动束) i.  corticospinal tract (皮质脊髓束) ii.  corticonuclear tract(皮质核束) i + ii = pyramidal system(锥体系统) Function:The voluntary movement of the skeletal muscles Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

B. Brain Stem (脑干) iii. rubrospinal tract (红核脊髓束) iv. tectospinal tract (顶盖脊髓束) v. olivospinal tract (橄榄脊髓束) vi. vestibulospinal tract (前庭脊髓束) vii. reticulospinal tract (网状脊髓束) iii-vii= extrapyramidal system (锥体外系) Functions:To regulate the tonicity of the muscles. To coordinate the muscular activities. To maintain the normal body posture and produce habitual and rhythmic movements. Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

B. Brain Stem (脑干) 4) reticular formation (RF) (网状结构) Definition: intermingled grey and white matter collectively Functions: a. agrypnode (醒觉) b. ascending reticular activating system (上行激活系统) c. visceromotor control (内脏运动控制) d. osphresis (嗅觉) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

Internal Structure of the Medulla Oblongata A. Division (分部) 1.  Decussation part (交叉部) 1) decussation of medial lemniscus (内侧丘系交叉) 2) decussation of pyramid (锥体交叉) 2. Olivary part (橄榄体部) inferior olivary nucleus (下橄榄核) [medial bulbar syndrome延髓内侧综合征] [lateral bulbar syndrome (Wallenberg)延髓外侧综合征] Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

 B. Decussation part (交叉部) Internal Structure of the Medulla Oblongata 1 躯体随意运动 decussation ofpyramid (锥体交叉) corticospinal tract 85% (皮质脊髓束) lat. corticospinal tract (皮质脊髓侧束) muscles of limbs (四肢肌肉) ant.white commissure muscles of trunk(躯干肌) ant. corticospinal tract(皮质脊髓前束) 2 头颈部随意运动 hypoglossal nuc. nuc. ambiguus accessory nuc. (舌下,疑,副n核) corticonuclear tract15% (皮质核束) mm of tongue, pharynx & larynx SCM & trapezius (舌肌,咽喉肌, 胸锁乳突,斜方肌) n.ambiguus疑核 Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

Internal Structure of the Medulla Oblongata C.Olivary part (橄榄体部) 1 本体,精细触觉 decus. of med.lemnisc 内侧丘系交叉 gracile nuc. internal arcuate fibers (内弓状纤维) medial lemniscus (内侧丘系) gracile tr.(薄束) cuneate nuc. cuneate tr.(楔束) II 2 lateral spinothalamic tract (脊髓丘脑侧束) 疼痛,温度觉 spinothalamic tract (lemniscus) [脊髓丘脑束(脊髓丘系)] anterior spinothalamic tract (脊髓丘脑前束) 粗略触觉 Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

Internal Structure of the Pons A. Basilar Part (基底部) a recent part phylogenetically (种系发生为新的部分) B. Tegmental Part (被盖部) continuation of the medulla oblongata (为延髓的延续) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

Internal Structure of the Pons A. Basilar Part (基底部) pontine nuclei (脑桥核) corticopontine fibers (皮质脑桥纤维) pontocerebellar fibers (脑桥小脑f) mid.cerebellar peduncle (小脑中脚) sup. olivary nuc. (上橄榄核) cochlear nuclei (两侧蜗神经核) lateral lemniscus (外侧丘系) B. Tegmental Part (被盖部) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

Internal Structure of the Midbrain A. Cerebral Peduncle(大脑脚) B.Tegmentum(被盖部) C.Tectum (顶盖部) dorsal to the mesencephalic aqueduct (位于中脑水管背侧) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

Internal Structure of the Midbrain A. Cerebral Peduncle(大脑脚) Descending fibers from the cerebral cortex (来源于大脑皮质的下行纤维) 1.Pyramidal tract (锥体束)(corticospinal tracts, corticonuclear tracts)at the middle 3/5 2. Frontopontine tract (额桥束) at medial 1/5 3. Parieto-occipito-temporo-pontine tracts (顶枕颞桥束) at lateral 1/5 [Weber's syndrome 中脑脚底综合征] Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

Internal Structure of the Midbrain B. Tegmentum(被盖部) 1. Substantia nigra (黑质) 1) reticular part (网状部) 2) compact part (致密部) → caudate (壳) and putamen (苍白球) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

Internal Structure of the Midbrain 2. Red nucleus(红核) Red nuc. (红核) magnocellular part (大细胞部) parvocellular part (小细胞部) cortex of cerebrum and cerebellum (大脑和小脑皮质) vent. tegmental decus. rubrospinal tract (红核脊髓束) anterior horn (前角神经元) inf. olivary nuc. (下橄榄核) Cerebellum (小脑) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

Internal Structure of the Midbrain C. Tectum (顶盖部) 1 nucleus of inferior colliculus (下丘核) lateral lemniscus (外侧丘系) med.geniculate body (内侧膝状体) brachium of inferior colliculus(下丘臂) 2 gray matter layers of sup. colliculus (上丘核灰质层) brachium of sup. colliculus (上丘臂) dorsal tegmental decussation(被盖背交叉) tectospinal tract (顶盖脊髓束) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

Internal Structure of the Midbrain 3 pretectal area (顶盖前区) brachium of superior colliculus (上丘臂) accessory oculomotor nuc. (动眼神经副核) ciliary ganglion (睫状n节) sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscle (瞳孔括约肌, 睫状肌) D. D. Mensencephalic aqueduct (cerebral aqueduct) (中脑水管) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

Ascending Fasciculi of the Pons andMidbrain A. Acoustic sense (听觉) cochlear nuclei (蜗n核) spiral organs (螺旋器) cochlear n (蜗神经) trapezoid body (斜方体) nucleus of inferior colliculus (下丘核) brachium of inferior colliculus (下丘臂) LATERAL LEMNISCUS (外侧丘系) 高频 蜗背侧核低频 蜗腹侧核 medial geniculate body (内侧膝状体) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

Ascending Fasciculi of the Pons andMidbrain B.  Sensory of face (pain and temperature) (面部痛温觉) (面部痛温觉) spinal tract of V. n. (三叉神经脊束) spinal nucleus of V.n. (三叉神经脊束核) Thalamus (ventroposterior medial nuc.) (丘脑腹后内侧核) Trigeminal Lemniscus (三叉丘系) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

Ascending Fasciculi of the Pons andMidbrain C. Tactile sense of face (面部触觉) tactile sense of face (面部触觉) trigeminal n. (三叉神经) pontine nucleus of V.n. (三叉神经脑桥核) THALAMUS (ventroposterior medial nuc.) (丘脑腹后内侧核) trigeminal lemniscus (三叉丘系) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

Ascending Fasciculi of the Pons andMidbrain D. Equilibratory sense of head (头部平衡觉) nuclei of Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅵ (III,IV,VI核) extraocular mm. (眼外肌) III,IV,VI nerves equilibratory sense of head (头部平衡觉) vestibular n. (前庭神经核) vestibular n. (前庭神经) medial longitudinal fasciculus (内侧纵束) nuclei of XII, & ant. horn) (脑,脊神经核) mm. of tongue & limbs (舌,四肢肌肉) related nn. (相关神经) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

Descending Fasciculi of the Pons and Midbrain Voluntary movement (随意运动) pyramidal tract (in middle 3/5 crus cerebri) (锥体束) corticospinal tract (皮质脊髓束) corticonuclear tract (皮质核束) all cranial nuclei (脑神经核) facial nuc. (lower 2/3) (面n核) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

Reticular Formation of the Brain Stem Definition: The field intermingled cell bodies of neuron (grey) and nerve fibers(white matter) collectively termed reticular formation (RF) (神经胞体和纤维交错排列成为网状结构) Characteristics: Wide spread network, almost all the afferent and efferent fibers connect all the central nervous system (广泛分布,几乎与全部中枢神经系的纤维相连). Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

Reticular Formation of the Brain Stem Functions: A. Somatomotor control (躯体运动控制) B. Activation of the behavioral arousal, maintain the conscious state of cerebral cortex. (保持大脑醒觉) ascending reticular activating system (上行网状激活系统): senses → RF → cerebral cortex [deep coma 深昏迷] Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

Reticular Formation of the Brain Stem C. Visceromotor control (内脏运动控制): a series of vital functional centers (respiration, cardiovascular controlling, vomiting, etc.) cerebral & cerebellar cortex → RF → reticulospinal tract → anterior horn. D. Osphresis(嗅觉): limbic system(边缘系统) → RF (rapheal nuclei中缝核) Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

Reticular Formation of the Brain Stem E. Main nuclei(主要核团): 1. Rapheal nuclei(中缝核):in median plane of brain stem(位于脑干正中面). 2. central (medial) group(中央群):in paramedian plane of brain stem(位于脑干旁正中平面). 3.Cerebellarreticular formation nuclei(小脑网状结构核团) 4. Nuclei of catecholamine (CA) (儿茶酚胺核团): locus ceruleus (蓝斑). Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University

S ection 2 The Brain (Encephalon) ( 脑 )