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Post-Reformation Europe: Transition to the Early Modern Era

Explore the religious, political, and economic changes in post-Reformation Europe as it transitions to the early modern era. Learn about religious differences, political theories, and expanding economies shaping the continent. Dive into the names and differences of various religious denominations and governmental systems.

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Post-Reformation Europe: Transition to the Early Modern Era

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  1. Post-reformation Europe becoming early-modern 1. Religious differences theological and national/ethnic 2. New politics: Theories of Rule: Constitutional monarchies Absolutism Run by: expanding bureaucracies Critiqued by: political/intellectual theorists 3. Expanding economies: more efficient technology makes effective proto-industrialization and social stratification

  2. Europe post-reformation Need to know the names, differences: Roman Catholic Lutheran Calvinist Anglican (Church of England)

  3. And, two governmental systems 1. Constitutional states a. Republic b. Constitutional Monarchy 2. Absolutism

  4. The Dutch Republic • King Philip II of Spain attempted to suppress protestants (Calvinists) in Netherlands, 1566 and in addition, the Huguenots [France to Netherlands] • large-scale rebellion followed • by 1581 Netherlands declared independence • based on a representative, parliamentary system • successful joint-venture commerce

  5. Constitutional States • England: constitutional monarchy government is ‘the Crown’, + Houses of Parliament • Netherlands: a Republic • Not an easy process: English Civil War, 1642-1649 • royal taxes • religious elements • King loses, was beheaded in 1649

  6. The Glorious Revolution(1688-1689) • England under Cromwell (d. 1658) • Glorious Revolution • Charles II restored 1660 • b. King James II deposed • 1688 d. Mary and husband – no heir ** no Catholics ** • William of Orange took throne concept of shared governance

  7. To this day Recently changed the law regarding primogeniture Will not remove the in juncture against having a Catholic monarch

  8. The ideal and problems of governing Frontispiece for Leviathan - Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) John Locke (1632-1704) Essay on Toleration (1667) Essay on the Human Understanding (1690) Treatise on Government

  9. But a voice – for whom? Popular sovereignty • John Locke • theories of contractual government • sovereignty in the people – but who are the people? Freedom and Equality • religious toleration and freedom of expression • condemned legal and social privileges of aristocrats • limit aristocratic privileges • not to share political rights with: ???

  10. Qualified citizenshipeg: British (Irish) citizens Ireland: ‘a dependent and subordinate kingdom’ • series of penal laws that enshrined exclusion of Catholics from political, social and territorial power • by 1703: less than 20% population Protestant (English and Scottish descent) owned 86% of the land • In 1691: all MPs in Irish parliament took an oath: repudiating the Pope’s authority to dispose any monarch denying transubstantiation Next 15 years: penal codes schools, horses, land, weapons, clerics Effects: political, economic, legal, psychological ** exam q.

  11. Absolute Monarchies • Political theory: Divine Right of Kings • the model: French Cardinal Richelieu King Louis XIII, 1624-1642) • practical application: destroy aristocratic power i.e. ‘fronde’ create royal service intendents = meritocracy = effective management = power taken from nobility ruthlessly attacked Calvinists

  12. The Sun Kingroyal absolutism Louis XIV (1673) Mignard Louis XIV (Hyacinth) ‘L’etatc’estmoi’ r. 1654

  13. Geography of Power: symbol and practice Versailles

  14. no overarching imperial authority Balance of Power tenuous military innovations (expensive) Power Politics in the 17Cdeveloping the European states system

  15. Conclusion:this is ‘top down’ history – much else is happening • Significant population growth • Effect: urbanization Proto-capitalism changing social order Adam Smith and John Locke intellectual innovation: Copernicus universe Isaac Newton the Enlightenment humanistic moral challenge écrasezl’infame

  16. A Village in Provençe Friday everyone will be assigned the identity of someone from a small, fictional community in Provençe in the late 17C Traditionally ‘our’ community has been fairly isolated, with the result that • the local land holders exercise a great deal of power There is in our community: • a local bishop • a growing (but still small) commercial and professional class of people (who will become the bourgeoisie) • the majority of the population in this region works on the land • the central authority of the king reaches into the region, in the person of a local intendent Will you survive? Some will receive prizes…

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