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Post-reformation Europe becoming early-modern

Post-reformation Europe becoming early-modern. 1. Religious differences theological and national/ethnic 2. New politics: Theories of Rule: Constitutional monarchies Absolutism Run by: expanding bureaucracies Critiqued by: political/intellectual theorists

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Post-reformation Europe becoming early-modern

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  1. Post-reformation Europe becoming early-modern 1. Religious differences theological and national/ethnic 2. New politics: Theories of Rule: Constitutional monarchies Absolutism Run by: expanding bureaucracies Critiqued by: political/intellectual theorists 3. Expanding economies: more efficient technology makes effective proto-industrialization and social stratification

  2. Europe post-reformation Need to know the names, differences: Roman Catholic Lutheran Calvinist Anglican (Church of England)

  3. And, two governmental systems 1. Constitutional states a. Republic b. Constitutional Monarchy 2. Absolutism

  4. The Dutch Republic • King Philip II of Spain attempted to suppress protestants (Calvinists) in Netherlands, 1566 and in addition, the Huguenots [France to Netherlands] • large-scale rebellion followed • by 1581 Netherlands declared independence • based on a representative, parliamentary system • successful joint-venture commerce

  5. Constitutional States • England: constitutional monarchy government is ‘the Crown’, + Houses of Parliament • Netherlands: a Republic • Not an easy process: English Civil War, 1642-1649 • royal taxes • religious elements • King loses, was beheaded in 1649

  6. The Glorious Revolution(1688-1689) • England under Cromwell (d. 1658) • Glorious Revolution • Charles II restored 1660 • b. King James II deposed • 1688 d. Mary and husband – no heir ** no Catholics ** • William of Orange took throne concept of shared governance

  7. To this day Recently changed the law regarding primogeniture Will not remove the in juncture against having a Catholic monarch

  8. The ideal and problems of governing Frontispiece for Leviathan - Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) John Locke (1632-1704) Essay on Toleration (1667) Essay on the Human Understanding (1690) Treatise on Government

  9. But a voice – for whom? Popular sovereignty • John Locke • theories of contractual government • sovereignty in the people – but who are the people? Freedom and Equality • religious toleration and freedom of expression • condemned legal and social privileges of aristocrats • limit aristocratic privileges • not to share political rights with: ???

  10. Qualified citizenshipeg: British (Irish) citizens Ireland: ‘a dependent and subordinate kingdom’ • series of penal laws that enshrined exclusion of Catholics from political, social and territorial power • by 1703: less than 20% population Protestant (English and Scottish descent) owned 86% of the land • In 1691: all MPs in Irish parliament took an oath: repudiating the Pope’s authority to dispose any monarch denying transubstantiation Next 15 years: penal codes schools, horses, land, weapons, clerics Effects: political, economic, legal, psychological ** exam q.

  11. Absolute Monarchies • Political theory: Divine Right of Kings • the model: French Cardinal Richelieu King Louis XIII, 1624-1642) • practical application: destroy aristocratic power i.e. ‘fronde’ create royal service intendents = meritocracy = effective management = power taken from nobility ruthlessly attacked Calvinists

  12. The Sun Kingroyal absolutism Louis XIV (1673) Mignard Louis XIV (Hyacinth) ‘L’etatc’estmoi’ r. 1654

  13. Geography of Power: symbol and practice Versailles

  14. no overarching imperial authority Balance of Power tenuous military innovations (expensive) Power Politics in the 17Cdeveloping the European states system

  15. Conclusion:this is ‘top down’ history – much else is happening • Significant population growth • Effect: urbanization Proto-capitalism changing social order Adam Smith and John Locke intellectual innovation: Copernicus universe Isaac Newton the Enlightenment humanistic moral challenge écrasezl’infame

  16. A Village in Provençe Friday everyone will be assigned the identity of someone from a small, fictional community in Provençe in the late 17C Traditionally ‘our’ community has been fairly isolated, with the result that • the local land holders exercise a great deal of power There is in our community: • a local bishop • a growing (but still small) commercial and professional class of people (who will become the bourgeoisie) • the majority of the population in this region works on the land • the central authority of the king reaches into the region, in the person of a local intendent Will you survive? Some will receive prizes…

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