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Reformation Europe

Reformation Europe. 1500-1600. Catholic Church Hierarchy:. Background Vocabulary:. Protestant Someone who protested the Catholic Church Reformation When people demand changes Indulgences Certificates that take away sin Church was selling forgiveness to take away sin.

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Reformation Europe

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  1. Reformation Europe 1500-1600

  2. Catholic Church Hierarchy:

  3. Background Vocabulary: • Protestant • Someone who protested the Catholic Church • Reformation • When people demand changes • Indulgences • Certificates that take away sin • Church was selling forgiveness to take away sin

  4. What is the Protestant Reformation? • The religious reform movement that divided the western (European) church into Catholic and Protestant groups. • The Protestant Reformation had major religious, economic, political & social effects on Europe.

  5. Early Attempts at Church Reform • Major goal was to reform the Catholic Church • Erasmus - “philosophy of Christ” • stressed the inwardness of religious feeling not external practices • The Praise of Folly (1509) • criticized monks and popes • Luther’s ideas based on Erasmus

  6. Causes of the Reformation 1. “Renaissance popes” were concerned with worldly matters more than spiritual matters. 2. Wealthy merchants challenged the Church (usury). 3. German & English nobility disliked Italian domination of the Church.

  7. Causes of the Reformation 4. The Catholic Church’s great political power and the wealth caused conflict. 5. Church corruption and the sale of indulgences were widespread and caused conflict. Indulgences • Sale of forgiveness of sin

  8. Martin Luther (1483-1546) • Monk and professor at University of Wittenberg • Bothered by Catholic view of salvation • both faith & good works were needed to get salvation • Through his study of the Bible, Luther came to the conclusion that only faith was necessary: SALVATION BY FAITH

  9. 95 Theses • October 31, 1517 • Luther sent a list of 95 theses (listing of abuses) in the Catholic Church • especially the sale of indulgences • Nailed list to church door

  10. 95 Theses • Thousands of copies were printed and spread to all parts of Germany • Pope Leo X initially ignored Luther’s theses

  11. Breaking with Rome • In 1520, Luther called for the German princes to overthrow the Catholic Church in Germany & establish a reformed German church • Christian humanists broke with Luther • Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther in January 1521

  12. Breaking with Rome • Diet of Worms: • Diet – council • Worms – town in Germany • Luther refused to recant • Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Edict of Worms in 1521 • Luther declared a heretic & outlaw

  13. Breaking with Rome • Luther was protected by Frederick of Saxony & put into hiding at Wartburg Castle • while in hiding, he translated the New Testament into German • People could read in their own language

  14. Lutheranism • Luther gained the support of many German princes • The princes converted to Protestantism • ended papal authority in their states

  15. Lutheranism • Birth of the 1st Protestant Church • Central beliefs: • Justification/salvation by faith (NOT good works) • Bible is the ultimate authority (NOT the Pope) • All humans are equal before God (Laity = Clergy) • Community of believers, not hierarchy of clergy

  16. The Reformation in the German States • The success of the Protestant Reformation was tied to political affairs • Charles V • ruled an immense empire and wanted to keep under control of his family, the Hapsburgs • he wanted to keep it Catholic

  17. The Reformation in the German States • War between Protestants and Catholics resulted in devastating wars – • Thirty Years Wars

  18. Peace of Augsburg, 1555 • Peace of Augsburg (1555) • allowed the rulers of the German states to choose Catholicism or Protestantism for citizens • No religious freedom or toleration

  19. John Calvin (1509-1564) • Similar beliefs as Luther • emphasized all-powerful nature of God • Calvin believed in predestination • Predestination –God determines each person’s fate • “the elect” – those chosen for heaven • Faith revealed by living righteous life • Expanded Protestantism

  20. French Wars of Religion Calvinism and Catholicism became militant religions

  21. French Wars of Religion • Many powerful French nobles became Protestants called Huguenots • Edict of Nantes (1598) • The Catholic Monarchy granted Protestant Huguenots freedom of worship

  22. French Wars of Religion • Cardinal Richelieu • changed the focus of the Thirty Years War from religious → political

  23. Reformation in England English Reformation was rooted in politics, not religion

  24. Reformation in England • Henry VIII • Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome • Wanted a male heir to throne • Divorced and remarried; broke with the Catholic Church • Formed the Church of England • Elizabeth I (1558-1603) • ended blood shed and united the Britain under the Anglican Church

  25. The Catholic-Counter Reformation • Catholic Reformation mounted reforms to reassert its authority • 3 Phases – • Council of Trent – Reforms • Jesuits – missionaries • Inquisition – Church court

  26. Council of Trent • Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings in opposition to Protestant beliefs such as: • Salvation • source of religious truth • Sacraments • Celibacy • Indulgences • Establishment of seminaries

  27. The Catholic Reformation • Society of Jesus (Jesuits) • founded to spread Catholic doctrine around the world • Doctrine = key beliefs

  28. The Catholic Reformation • Inquisition • Established to reinforce Catholic doctrine • Council of 6 Cardinals • Empowered to investigate, try & execute people for heresy • Pope Paul IV strengthened the Inquisition

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