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COMP 3715 Spring 05

COMP 3715 Spring 05. Acknowledgements. A lot of this set of slides is based on material by John McCarthy at Stanford http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/whatisai.html (BTW, John McCarthy is the person who coined the term A.I.).

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COMP 3715 Spring 05

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  1. COMP 3715 Spring 05

  2. Acknowledgements • A lot of this set of slides is based on material by John McCarthy at Stanford • http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/whatisai.html (BTW, John McCarthy is the person who coined the term A.I.)

  3. Artificial intelligence – from data/information to knowledge • Database : contain and organize data • Operations on data (e.g. query): give us information • But to transform data/information into knowledge requires intelligence • Thus A.I. : Artificial Intelligence

  4. What is Artificial Intelligence? • According to John McCarthy • It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence, but AI does not have to confine itself to methods that are biologically observable.

  5. What is Artificial Intelligence? • According to the American Association of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) • The scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying thought and intelligent behavior and their embodiment in machines.

  6. What is Artificial Intelligence? • But what is intelligence, anyway? • Intelligence • Allow people to solve problems • Can be manifested in • Thinking • Planning • Computing • Executing commands • Communication with others

  7. What is Artificial Intelligence? • Intelligence • Intelligence is the computational part of the ability to achieve goals in the world • Intelligence involves mechanisms (speech etc.) • Goal of artificial intelligence • Simulate human intelligence • i.e. Simulate human behavior on tasks that request intelligence

  8. What is Artificial Intelligence? • Artificial intelligence interacts with many fields • Philosophy – what really is “human intelligence” • Psychology – studying of human behavior, and why they occurred • Databases – how to convert the data to intelligence • Algorithms – steps to solve individual problems

  9. What does it take to be intelligent? – Turing test • To determine whether a machine is really intelligent • Turing test • A person communicate with two remote subjects • One is a computer, the other is a human • If the computer can fool the person into thinking he is the human, then it passes the Turing test

  10. What does it take to be intelligent? – Turing test • Loebner Prize • Annual competition of the Turing test • Winner receive prize. Ultimate price $100,000 • Annual price of $2000 – 3000 for the most “human” entry • Sample transcript for 2004 winner • http://loebner.net/Prizef/2004_Contest/Wallace.html

  11. What does it take to be intelligent? – Turing test • Alice: Hello, my name is Alice and I am the human. • Judge 4: Hi, I'm Roy. Are you a Yankees fan? • Alice: Hi there Judge 4. Good gossip: you are Roy. Am I a Yankees fan? Maybe • Judge 4: Maybe. You are obviously not from NY. • Alice: I understand. What makes you think I am not from NY • Judge 4: All the new yorkers I know seem to have strong opinions about the Yankees • Alice: Pwrhaps there are a few exceptions. • Judge 4: So you are a new yorker who is indifferent to the Yankees? • Alice: Interesting deduction. Thanks and you are a delightful person too. Am I a new yorker who is indifferent to the Yankees? Yes.

  12. What does it take to be intelligent? – Turing test • Opposition to Turing test – Searle’s “Chinese room” • One does not have to understand Chinese to pretend to know Chinese • One only need a big enough rulebook and be smart enough to look up the rules

  13. Different aspect of Artificial Intelligence • AI is related in achieving goals, finishing tasks • Two type of tasks • The mundane • Planning • Vision • Robotics (act and react) • Natural Language

  14. Different aspect of Artificial Intelligence • Two type of tasks • The expert • Medical diagnosis • Equipment repair • Financial planning • Surprisingly, AI do expert task better than mundane task • Why?

  15. Branches of Artificial Intelligence • Logic • Deducing new facts • Knowledge Representation • Representing knowledge • Search • Search for solution for problems (e.g. chess) • Inference/Reasoning • Deducing facts that can be retracted

  16. Branches of Artificial Intelligence • Planning • Planning action based on facts about the world • Learning • Learning from experience • Ontology • Study of “kinds” of things • Heuristics • Ways to discover new facts/solve a problem

  17. Applications of Artificial Intelligence • Game playing • Speech recognition • Natural Language processing • Computer vision • Expert systems • Classification

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