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Network Elements and Services

Network Elements and Services. CS 695 Network Management Techniques Prof. P. T. Chung. Outline. 1. Networking - Concepts 2 . Internet Communication Protocols 3. Network Elements 4. Network Management Related Protocols. 1. Networking - Concepts. Network Classifications

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Network Elements and Services

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  1. Network Elements and Services CS 695 Network Management Techniques Prof. P. T. Chung CS 695 Network Management Techniques

  2. Outline • 1. Networking - Concepts • 2. Internet Communication Protocols • 3. Network Elements • 4. Network Management Related Protocols CS 695 Network Management Techniques

  3. 1. Networking - Concepts • Network Classifications • Network Technologies • Network Transmission Media • Network Elements CS 695 Network Management Techniques

  4. Network Classifications • Networks – Classified by Applications • Data Communication Network • Telecommunication Network • Networks – Classified by Distance • LAN (Local Area Network) • MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) • WAN (Wide Area Network) CS 695 Network Management Techniques

  5. Network Classifications (Conti) • Networks – Classified by Switching • Packet Switching • Circuit Switching • Networks – Classified by Transmission Media • Wired Network • Wireless Network CS 695 Network Management Techniques

  6. Network Technologies Gigabit Ethernet ATM Bandwidth Fast Ethernet FDDI MAN & SMDS Frame Relay Ethernet Token Ring ISDN (basic rate) Distance LAN MAN WAN CS 695 Network Management Techniques

  7. Media Wireline Transmission Wireless Transmission Electric Conductors Optical Fiber Radio Laser Links Infrared Twisted Pair Coaxial Cable Mono-mode Multi-mode Satellite Transmission Microwave Transmission Media CS 695 Network Management Techniques

  8. Network Elements LAN/Internet Elements: • Repeater • Hub • Bridge • Switch • Router • Gateway WAN Elements: • Modem • Repeater • ADM (Add-Drop Multiplexer) • Cross-Connect • Switch • Multiplexer • Concentrator CS 695 Network Management Techniques

  9. OSI Communication Architecture Application protocol Application Application Presentation protocol Presentation Presentation Session protocol Session Session Transport protocol Transport Transport Network Network Network Network Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link Physical Physical Physical Physical Host A IMP 1 IMP 2 Host B CS 695 Network Management Techniques

  10. 2. Internet Communication Protocols • The TCP/IP Protocol Architecture • TCP/IP Layers ( or TCP/IP Suite ) • Application Layer • Host-to-host, or transport layer • Internet Layer • Network Access Layer • Physcical Layer CS 695 Network Management Techniques

  11. HTTP SMTP ECHO FTP TIME NNTP TELNET NTP DHCP SNMP DNS BOOTP TCP UDP RIP OSPF BGP ICMP IGMP IP ARP RARP SLIP PPP Internet Communication Protocol Application Transport Internet Network Access Data Link

  12. IP (Internet Protocol) • Mainly provides multiple routes or Routing capabilities. • Protocol Characteristics: Connectionless, Unreliable • IP Addressing: Every host in TCP/IPnetwork has one 32-bit IP address. • 140.131.76.1 CS 695 Network Management Techniques

  13. IP Address • length：4 Bytes (32-Bit) • IP address: • Network Address • Subnet • Host Address) Subnet Host Network Host CS 695 Network Management Techniques

  14. IP Address Formats

  15. CS 695 Network Management Techniques

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  17. CS 695 Network Management Techniques

  18. Network Mask • Set 1 for bits in Network Address and Subnet, and set 0 for other bits in IP address • Class A  255.0.0.0 • Class B  255.255.0.0 • Class C  255.255.255.0 • IP address  Logical AND (Network Mask, IP Address) CS 695 Network Management Techniques

  19. Routers and the IP Addressing Principle • Routers have two or more addresses. One for each interface. CS 695 Network Management Techniques

  20. Routing Table IF ((Mask[i] & Destination Addr) = = Destination[i]) Forward to NextHop[i] CS 695 Network Management Techniques

  21. IP Forwarding Process CS 695 Network Management Techniques

  22. IF ((Mask[i] & Destination Addr) = = Destination[i]) Forward to NextHop[i] CS 695 Network Management Techniques

  23. Port • Each host’s application layer (or processing layer) may have different application, service, or resource. Once a host received data from network, transport layer should have a mechanism to provide and distinquish network application service so that it could send data to correct processing program. • Each upper-level communication application service or program maps to a unique TCP or UDP Port Number. CS 695 Network Management Techniques

  24. Common TCP/IP Application Services and Port Numbers TCP UDP 21 FTP 23 Telnet 25 SMTP 53 DNS 79 Finger 80 HTTP 110 POP3 119 NNTP 123 NTP 53 DNS 67 BOOTP 69 TFTP 161 SNMP 162 SNMP-Trap Port: 1~1024，for Internets CS 695 Network Management Techniques

  25. 3. Network Elements • Repeater • Hub • Bridge • Switch • Router • Routing Switch • Gateway CS 695 Network Management Techniques

  26. Repeater • Operates at Layer 1, the physical layer. • Connects two network segments into one large segment, or to expand an existing segment. • Enhances data signals and thus can be used to extend maximum cabling distances. • There is no network intelligence built into a simple repeater; it is used strictly for signal propagation. CS 695 Network Management Techniques

  27. Hub • Operates at Layer 1, the physical layer. • Simply a multiport repeater. • Can be used to increase overall network size and number of nodes on a single segment. • Can isolate faults within the subnet. • Allows you to add stations to a segment without disrupting the entire network. CS 695 Network Management Techniques

  28. Bridge • Operates at Layer 2, the data link layer. • Allows networks with different physical signaling, but with compatible data link addressing schemes, to communicate. • Helps reduce traffic on a backbone LAN by filtering any information coming from one segment to another that does not need to be forwarded through the backbone. • A common use for a bridge is to allow users on an Ethernet LAN and a Token Ring LAN to communicate with each other. CS 695 Network Management Techniques

  29. Application Presentation Session Transport Network Network Data Link Data Link Physical Physical Bridge Example Application Presentation Session Bridge Transport Data Link Data Link Physical Physical CS 695 Network Management Techniques

  30. Switch • Operates at Layer 2, the data link layer. • Dispatches data to its destination, which it determines from the packet’s lower-layer media access control (MAC) address. • Can limit traffic, and does not understand network protocols. CS 695 Network Management Techniques

  31. Router • Operates at Layer 3, the network layer. • Connects two networks with different technologies, and provides an intelligent means of transferring packets from one network to the other. • Also forwards traffic among multiple hubs and bridges. CS 695 Network Management Techniques

  32. Application Presentation Session Transport Network Network Network Network Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link Physical Physical Physical Physical Router Example Application Presentation Session Router Transport CS 695 Network Management Techniques

  33. Routing Switch • Operates at Layer 3, the network layer. • Combines the intelligence of a router with the efficiency of a switch, • Routing data at higher speeds. CS 695 Network Management Techniques

  34. Gateway • Operates at Layer 7, the application layer. • Can encompass all seven of the OSI model layers. • A computing system that can be programmed to do any number of intricate protocol conversions and negotiations, such as between IP and IPX. CS 695 Network Management Techniques

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  36. 4. Network Management related Protocols • SNMPv1 • SNMPv2C • ICMP • ARP/RARP • DHCP CS 695 Network Management Techniques

  37. SNMPv1(Simple Network Management Protocol version 1) • The most common management protocol in use in data networks. • Provides a means of obtaining information from, and sending information to, network devices. • Based on the manager-agent model. • Uses Management Information Bases (MIBs) to exchange information between the manager and the agent. • Using the SNMP protocol, a manager can query and modify the status and configuration information on each managed device by making requests to the agent running on the managed device. • All commands use the UDP/IP protocol, which means that communication between the manager and the agent is connectionless. • SNMP operates at Layer 7, the application layer. CS 695 Network Management Techniques

  38. SNMPv2C (version 2) • SNMPv2C includes the basic functions of SNMPv1. • Adds • new message types, • standardized multi-protocol support, • enhanced security, • new MIB objects, and • a way to co-exist with SNMPv1. • SNMPv2C is useful for the retrieval of large amounts of management information using fewer network resources. CS 695 Network Management Techniques

  39. ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) • ICMP is the part of IP that handles error and control messages. • ICMP operates at Layer 3, the network layer. • ICMP supports an echo function, which sends a packet on a round-trip between two hosts. • Ping, which sends a signal to see if an interface is up and running, is based on ICMP echo. • ICMP can also send an address mask request that returns the address of the subnet mask on the remote system. This feature is important for non-SNMP devices. CS 695 Network Management Techniques

  40. ARP/RARP (Address Resolution Protocol / Reverse ARP) • ARP/RARP are used at Layer 2, the link layer, • ARP is used to map an IP address to a MAC (or link level, or hardware) address. • RARP is used to map a MAC address to an IP address. CS 695 Network Management Techniques

  41. DHCP(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) • DHCP allows IP addresses to be allocated on a temporary basis (a lease). • When the lease for an IP address expires, the address can be reused by a different node. • This is useful in environments supporting mobile users who connect to the network with a laptop from many different places. • This helps alleviate the problem of limited IP addresses and simplifies TCP/IP client configurations. CS 695 Network Management Techniques

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