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The Carbohydrates

The Carbohydrates. Sugars Starches Fiber. Carbohydrates (CH 2 O) n. Simple carbohydrates Monosaccharides Disaccharides Complex carbohydrates. Simple Carbohydrates. Monosaccharides C 6 H 12 O 6 Glucose (dextrose, blood sugar) Fructose Galactose. Glucose. Fructose & Galactose.

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The Carbohydrates

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  1. The Carbohydrates Sugars Starches Fiber

  2. Carbohydrates (CH2O)n • Simple carbohydrates • Monosaccharides • Disaccharides • Complex carbohydrates

  3. Simple Carbohydrates • Monosaccharides • C6H12O6 • Glucose (dextrose, blood sugar) • Fructose • Galactose

  4. Glucose

  5. Fructose & Galactose

  6. Condensation

  7. Hydrolysis

  8. Disaccharides • Maltose = glucose + glucose • Sucrose = glucose + fructose • Lactose = glucose + galactose

  9. Complex Carbohydrates • Polysaccharides • Glycogen (animal) • Starches (plant) • Fibers (non-starch polysaccharides)-not digested well.

  10. Glycogen & Starch Molecules Compared (small Segments)

  11. Complex Carbohydrates • Fibers • Cellulose • Hemicelluloses • Pectins

  12. Complex Carbohydrates • Fibers • Gums and mucilages • Lignin • Resistant starches

  13. Complex Carbohydrates • Fibers • Soluble fibers • Viscous-Gums, pectins • Fermentable

  14. Complex Carbohydrates • Fibers • Insoluble fibers • Nonviscous-cellulose, lignins, resistant starches • (Phytic acid)

  15. Digestion • Mouth • Salivary amylase • Stomach • Fibers and satiety

  16. Digestion • Small intestine • Maltase, sucrase, lactase • Pancreas • Pancreatic amylase

  17. Carbohydrate Digestion in the GI Tract

  18. Digestion • Large intestine • Fermentation of viscous fibers • Water, gas, short-chain fatty acid production

  19. Absorption

  20. Lactose Intolerance • Symptoms-gas production, nausea, etc. • Causes • Lactase deficiency

  21. Lactose Intolerance • Prevalence-variable • Dietary changes • Does not require the elimination of milk/milk products • Acidophilus milk

  22. Glucose in the Body • Energy • Glycoproteins • Glycolipids

  23. Carbohydrate Metabolism • Storing glucose as glycogen (1/3) • Using glucose for energy

  24. Carbohydrate Metabolism • Making glucose from protein • Gluconeogenesis • Protein-sparing action of carbohydrates

  25. Carbohydrate Metabolism • Making ketone bodies from fat fragments • Ketone bodies • Ketosis • Acid-base balance

  26. Carbohydrate Metabolism • Converting glucose to fat • Energetically expensive

  27. Constancy of Blood Glucose • Regulating hormones • Insulin-uptake of sugar • Glucagon-release of sugar • Epinephrine-release (fight or flight)

  28. Maintaining Blood Glucose Homeostasis

  29. Constancy of Blood Glucose • Diabetes • Type 1 diabetes • Failure of insulin production • Type 2 diabetes-fat cells are insulin resistant! • Obesity

  30. Constancy of Blood Glucose • Hypoglycemia • Rare in healthy people

  31. Constancy of Blood Glucose • Glycemic response • Glycemic index

  32. Sugars • Added sugars • Sucrose, invert sugar, corn syrups, etc.

  33. Sugars • Health effects of sugars • Nutrient deficiencies?

  34. Sugars • Health effects of sugars • Dental caries • Dental plaque

  35. Accusations Against Sugars • Sugar causes obesity? • Sugar causes heart disease?

  36. Accusations Against Sugars • Sugar causes misbehavior in children and criminal behavior in adults? • Sugar causes cravings and addictions? • serotonin

  37. Recommended Intakes of Sugars • DRI • No more than 25% of total daily energy intake

  38. Carbs. Part II: Practical Aspects of Starches and Fibers

  39. Starch and Fiber • Health effects • Heart disease • Diabetes • GI health

  40. Starch and Fiber • Health effects • Cancer • Weight management • Harmful effects of excessive fiber intake

  41. Viscous Fibers

  42. Nonviscous Fibers

  43. Starch and Fiber • RDA for carbohydrate • 130 g/day • 45% - 65% total daily energy intake • Daily Value: 300 g/day

  44. Starch and Fiber • Fiber • Daily Value: 25 g/day • AI: 14 g/1000 kcal/day

  45. Grains Guidelines to Groceries

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