International Commercial Arbitration

International Commercial Arbitration Lec6: Arbitral Award and the Recourse

Readings • Zhao, Xiu-wen • International Commercial Arbitration Law, 2004, • Chapter 10 • Redfern & Hunter, • Law & Practice of International Commercial Arbitration, 2005, • Chapter 8 & Chapter 9

Scope and essential features of an arbitral award • Final & Interim Award • UNCITRAL Model Law • Article 17. Power of arbitral tribunal to order interim measures • (1) Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the arbitral tribunal may, at the request of a party, grant interim measures. • (2) An interim measure is any temporary measure, whether in the form of an award or in another form, by which, at any time prior to the issuance of the award by which the dispute is finally decided, the arbitral tribunal orders a party to: • (a) Maintain or restore the status quo pending determination of the dispute; • (b) Take action that would prevent, or refrain from taking action that is likely to cause, current or imminent harm or prejudice to the arbitral process itself; • (c) Provide a means of preserving assets out of which a subsequent award may be satisfied; or • (d) Preserve evidence that may be relevant and material to the resolution of the dispute.

Scope and essential features of an arbitral award • Final & Interim Award • 《中华人民共和国仲裁法》 • 第五十五条仲裁庭仲裁纠纷时，其中一部分事实已经清楚，可以就该部分先行裁决。

Scope and essential features of an arbitral award • “Final and Binding” • UNCITRAL Model Law • Article 35. Recognition and enforcement • (1) An arbitral award, irrespective of the country in which it was made, shall be recognized as binding and, upon application in writing to the competent court, shall be enforced subject to the provisions of this article and of article 36. • 《中华人民共和国仲裁法》 • 第九条仲裁实行一裁终局的制度。裁决作出后，当事人就同一纠纷再申请仲裁或者向人民法院起诉的，仲裁委员会或者人民法院不予受理。

Scope and essential features of an arbitral award • Award in Writing/Award Signed by Sole Arbitrator or by Majority of Tribunal • UNCITRAL Model Law • Article 31. Form and contents of award • (1) The award shall be made in writing and shall be signed by the arbitrator or arbitrators. In arbitral proceedings with more than one arbitrator, the signatures of the majority of all members of the arbitral tribunal shall suffice, provided that the reason for any omitted signature is stated.

Scope and essential features of an arbitral award • Certain and Unambiguous Award • Melbourne Harbour Trust Commrs v Hancock (1927) 39 CLR 570 • Award should not depend on subsequent finding to be made by a third party e.g. an award which fixes an amount payable but states that if the court finds that the ruling was erroneous, then a larger amount would be payable. In the absence of a finding by the court, the whole award is a nullity.

Scope and essential features of an arbitral award • Made within Time Allowed • 《中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会仲裁规则》 • 第四十二条　作出裁决的期限 • （一）仲裁庭应当在组庭之日起6个月内作出裁决书。（二）在仲裁庭的要求下，仲裁委员会主任认为确有正当理由和必要的，可以延长该期限。

Reasons of Award • UNCITRAL Model Law • Article 31. Form and contents of award • (2) The award shall state the reasons upon which it is based, unless the parties have agreed that no reasons are to be given or the award is an award on agreed terms under article 30. • 《中华人民共和国仲裁法》 • 第五十四条裁决书应当写明仲裁请求、争议事实、裁决理由、裁决结果、仲裁费用的负担和裁决日期。当事人协议不愿写明争议事实和裁决理由的，可以不写。

Interpretation and Additional Award • UNCITRAL Model Law • Article 33. Correction and interpretation of award; additional award • (a) a party, with notice to the other party, may request the arbitral tribunal to correct in the award any errors in computation, any clerical or typographical errors or any errors of similar nature;.

Interpretation and Additional Award • 《中华人民共和国仲裁法》 • 第五十六条对裁决书中的文字、计算错误或者仲裁庭已经裁决但在裁决书中遗漏的事项，仲裁庭应当补正；当事人自收到裁决书之日起三十日内，可以请求仲裁补正。

Effect of Award • Enforceable against the party against whom it is made. • Issue estoppel • Fidelitas Shipping Co Ltd v V/O Exportchleb [1966] 1 QB 630 at 643 • “Issue estoppel applies to arbitration as it does to litigation. The parties having chosen the tribunal to determine the disputes between them as to their legal rights and duties are bound by the determination by that tribunal of any issue which is relevant to the decision of any dispute which is referred to that tribunal.”

Appeal against an Arbitral Award/Contract out Review? • Domestic laws of situs: • UK permits appeal on question of law in all cases. • Any award made without reasoning is considered waive of rights of parties to appeal on question of law against award.

Setting aside an Arbitral Award • Available only to award made in the seat/place of arbitration • PT Garuda Indonesia v Birgen Air [2002 CA] • Award referred to place of arbitration as Jakarta, Singapore court declined jurisdiction to set aside even though the oral hearings were entirely held in Singapore. No jurisdiction to set aside.

Setting aside an Arbitral Award • Grounds for setting aside • UNCITRAL Model Law • Article 34. Application for setting aside as exclusive recourse against arbitral award • (2) An arbitral award may be set aside by the court specified in article 6 only if: • a) the party making the application furnishes proof that: • i) a party to the arbitration agreement referred to in article 7 was under some incapacity; or the said agreement is not valid under the law to which the parties have subjected it or, failing any indication thereon, under the law of this State; or • ii) the party making the application was not given proper notice of the appointment of an arbitrator or of the arbitral proceedings or was otherwise unable to present his case; or • iii) the award deals with a dispute not contemplated by or not falling within the terms of the submission to arbitration, or contains decisions on matters beyond the scope of the submission to arbitration, provided that, if the decisions on matters submitted to arbitration can be separated from those not so submitted, only that part of the award which contains decisions on matters not submitted to arbitration may be set aside; or • iv) the composition of the arbitral tribunal or the arbitral procedure was not in accordance with the agreement of the parties, unless such agreement was in conflict with a provision of this Law from which the parties cannot derogate, or, failing such agreement, was not in accordance with this Law; or • (b) the court finds that: • i) the subject-matter of the dispute is not capable of settlement by arbitration under the law of this State; or • ii) the award is in conflict with the public policy of this State.

Setting aside an Arbitral Award • 《中华人民共和国仲裁法》 • 第五十八条当事人提出证据证明裁决有下列情形之一的，可以向仲裁委员会所在地的中级人民法院申请撤销裁决：　　㈠没有仲裁协议的；　　㈡裁决的事项不属于仲裁协议的范围或者仲裁委员会无权仲裁的；　　㈢仲裁庭的组成或者仲裁的程序违反法定程序的；　　㈣裁决所根据的证据是伪造的；　　㈤对方当事人隐瞒了足以影响公正裁决的证据的；　　㈥仲裁员在仲裁该案时有索贿受贿，徇私舞弊，枉法裁决行为的；

Setting aside an Arbitral Award • 最高人民法院关于适用《中华人民共和国仲裁法》若干问题的解释 • 第十七条　当事人以不属于仲裁法第五十八条或者民事诉讼法第二百六十条规定的事由申请撤销仲裁裁决的，人民法院不予支持。第十八条　仲裁法第五十八条第一款第一项规定的“没有仲裁协议”是指当事人没有达成仲裁协议。仲裁协议被认定无效或者被撤销的，视为没有仲裁协议。第十九条　当事人以仲裁裁决事项超出仲裁协议范围为由申请撤销仲裁裁决，经审查属实的，人民法院应当撤销仲裁裁决中的超裁部分。但超裁部分与其他裁决事项不可分的，人民法院应当撤销仲裁裁决。第二十条　仲裁法第五十八条规定的“违反法定程序”，是指违反仲裁法规定的仲裁程序和当事人选择的仲裁规则可能影响案件正确裁决的情形。

Setting aside an Arbitral Award • 最高人民法院关于适用《中华人民共和国仲裁法》若干问题的解释 • 第二十一条　当事人申请撤销国内仲裁裁决的案件属于下列情形之一的，人民法院可以依照仲裁法第六十一条的规定通知仲裁庭在一定期限内重新仲裁：　　（一）仲裁裁决所根据的证据是伪造的；　　（二）对方当事人隐瞒了足以影响公正裁决的证据的。　　人民法院应当在通知中说明要求重新仲裁的具体理由。第二十二条　仲裁庭在人民法院指定的期限内开始重新仲裁的，人民法院应当裁定终结撤销程序;未开始重新仲裁的，人民法院应当裁定恢复撤销程序。第二十三条　当事人对重新仲裁裁决不服的，可以在重新仲裁裁决书送达之日起六个月内依据仲裁法第五十八条规定向人民法院申请撤销。第二十四条　当事人申请撤销仲裁裁决的案件，人民法院应当组成合议庭审理，并询问当事人。第二十五条　人民法院受理当事人撤销仲裁裁决的申请后，另一方当事人申请执行同一仲裁裁决的，受理执行申请的人民法院应当在受理后裁定中止执行。

Non-Enforcement of an Arbitral Award • 《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》 • 第二百六十条对中华人民共和国涉外仲裁机构作出的裁决，被申请人提出证据证明仲裁裁决有下列情形之一的，经人民法院组成合议庭审查核实，裁定不予执行：　　（一）当事人在合同中没有订有仲裁条款或者事后没有达成书面仲裁协议的；　　（二）被申请人没有得到指定仲裁员或者进行仲裁程序的通知，或者由于其他不属于被申请人负责的原因未能陈述意见的；　　（三）仲裁庭的组成或者仲裁的程序与仲裁规则不符的；　　（四）裁决的事项不属于仲裁协议的范围或者仲裁机构无权仲裁的。　　人民法院认定执行该裁决违背社会公共利益的，裁定不予执行。

Non-Enforcement of an Arbitral Award • 最高人民法院关于适用《中华人民共和国仲裁法》若干问题的解释 • 第二十六条　当事人向人民法院申请撤销仲裁裁决被驳回后，又在执行程序中以相同理由提出不予执行抗辩的，人民法院不予支持。 • 第二十七条　当事人在仲裁程序中未对仲裁协议的效力提出异议，在仲裁裁决作出后以仲裁协议无效为由主张撤销仲裁裁决或者提出不予执行抗辩的，人民法院不予支持。

International Commercial Arbitration