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Argumentation

Argumentation. Chapter 14. Argument vs Persuasion. Persuasion: Emotion and morals with a bit of reason Try to convince the reader to take action Argument: Logic and Reasoning with a bit of emotion Try to convince the reader that your position on the issue is the most reasonable

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Argumentation

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  1. Argumentation Chapter 14

  2. Argument vs Persuasion • Persuasion: • Emotion and morals with a bit of reason • Try to convince the reader to take action • Argument: • Logic and Reasoning with a bit of emotion • Try to convince the reader that your position on the issue is the most reasonable • Most academic writing is Argument rather than Persuasion

  3. Taking a Stand • Argumentative essay’s topics must be debatable, something where people disagree. • Your essay must clearly argue a position on the issue. • State your position on the issue in your thesis statement.

  4. Argument as a Basketball Game • Offense: • In order to “win the game” you must make strong points. • Your points should be well-developed and reasonable. • Defense: • You must defend against the opposing view’s points. • Block the opposing view’s points by refuting them (show how they are weak or unreasonable) • Occasionally, you may need to concede a point to the opposing view.

  5. Structure • Introduction • Explain what the issue is • Show why the issue is important • Thesis statement at the end of the intro • Body • Offense – minimum three points that clearly supports your thesis • Defense – show how your opinion is more reasonable than the opposing view. • Conclusion • Reiterate why the reader should agree with you.

  6. Deductive and Inductive Reasoning • Deductive • Begin with a general observation or view (that is not debatable) • End with a specific conclusion • Example: Human beings are mortal. I am a human being; therefore, I am mortal. • Inductive • Begin with a specific observation or view (that is not debatable) • End with a general conclusion

  7. Inductive Reasoning • Beware of unreasonable conclusions • Example: • It was 65 degree Fahrenheit on July 18 in Springfield, IL (specific observation), so July must be a cool month in Illinois (general conclusion). • This example is just a coincidence and an unreasonable conclusion since July is a very hot and humid month. • Therefore, inductive reasoning requires many specific observations or views to make a reasonable conclusion.

  8. Logical Fallacies • Know the following logical fallacies • Hasty or Sweeping Generalization: pg 568 • Either/Or Fallacy: pg 568 • Red Herring: pg 569 • Post hoc: pg 570 • Slippery Slope: An unreasonable causal chain; one event in the causal chain is not shown to cause another. If this happens, then this will happen, and then this will happen etc.

  9. Identifying Logical Fallacies • If we legalize marijuana, then cocaine, LSD and heroine will be legalized next. Once all drugs are legal, we will have a massive drug addiction problem. • Governor Jones raised taxes, and then the rate of violent crime went up. Jones is responsible for the rise in crime. • My roommate said her philosophy class was hard, and the one I'm in is hard, too. All philosophy classes must be hard! • I am voting for John McCain and Sarah Palin because I have a child with Down’s Syndrome. Down’s Syndrome children can live fairly normal lives with proper education and training. • We must continue the war in Iraq or the United States will be attacked by terrorists again.

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