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Ethnic violence. By: Caitlin Fahey and Christina Reszel. Definition.
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Ethnic violence By: Caitlin Fahey and Christina Reszel
Definition • Ethnic violence (also known as ethnic terrorism or ethnically-motivated terrorism) refers to violence that is predominantly framed rhetorically by causes and issues related to ethnic hatred, though ethnic violence is more commonly related to political violence
Rwanda Conflict • Tutsi (minority), who had controlled power for centuries • against Hutu (majority) who had come to power in the rebellion of 1959–62 and overthrown the Tutsi monarchy. • Tutsi group called RPF (Rwandan Patriotic Front) tried to overthrow the Hutu gov. • Hutus set out to systematically kill all Tutsi they could find, any age or sex also killing any moderate Hutus • UN created a safe zone for Hutus in southwest • millions of moderate Hutus went to Zaire
Rwanda Cont. • 1994 mass murder • 800,000-1.1million • about 20% of the population killed • still struggles but operating as a democracy. • 2 million Hutus that helped fled thinking Tutsi would come back for them • RPF won and created coalition gov. so all sides are part of the gov.
Cambodia • 1975-1979 • Prince Sihanouk got communists to form the khmer Rouge (1960) • Lon Nol overthrew prince Sihanouk (1970)? • 1975 Lon Nol was beaten by Khmer Rouge(pol pot= leader replacing Sihanouk) • 156,000 dead • Pol Pot tried to make country communist • People thrown out to have land for collective farms
Cambodia Cont. • People refusing to leave were killed • Minorities (Chinese, Vietnamese, Thai, and any Cambodians with thoughs ancestors) were killed • 1978 Vietnam overthrew the Khmer rouge • By 1989 Cambodia was back to self-charge • Prince Sihanouk was re-elected to lead new government
Bosnia • Yugoslavia was a country with many different areas. • Bosnia Was one area within Yugoslavia. • 1980 Yugoslavian president Tito died. He had been communist. • Different part of Yugo wanted to be independent. • Serbia became powerful; leader was Slobodan Milosevic. • Croatia and Slovenia did become independent. • Milosevic wanted Bosnia to stay a part of Serbia, so did the Serbians living in Bosnia.
Bosnia Cont. • 1995 he started fighting in a section of Bosnia called Srebrenica ; “ethnic cleansing” ( a nicer word for genocide). • U.N. tried to help, sent Dutch soldiers who set up a compound. Serbians started attacking, 6,000 Bosnians came inside; 20,000 more waiting outside • 7,500 men and boys over 13 years old were killed. • Late 1995 peace negotiations happened; separate countries named. • The Serbian project in Bosnia had brought about a huge internal displacement of the population from which the people have not yet recovered
Sudan • 1962- Civil war begins in the south- cause’s unrest for MANY years • Omar Hassan al-Bashir came to power in 1989 - overthrew the Gov. • Introduced the Islamic Sharia law • 2004January - rebel uprising in western region of Darfur • pro-government Arab Janjaweed militias are carrying out the killing of non-Arab villagers in Darfur. – Genocide • 2005January - Government and southern rebels sign a peace deal • 2006- Fighting continued • 2011 July - South Sudan gains independence. • 2012 April - Sudanese warplanes raid the Bentiu area in South Sudan.
Sudan Cont. • The state/ Gov. controls the media – one sided propaganda • Many refugees have fled to Chad and are living in refugee camps • Omar Hassan al-Bashir - two international arrest warrants - issued by the International Criminal Court in The Hague - on charges of genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity
Palestine • Zionist(for the reestablishment and the development and protection of a Jewish nation) are ethnically cleansing against Arabs • 1947 – Opinion that Arabs should be transferred out of Palestine • Wanted to establish a Jewish state • Palestinian Arab model of incessant terrorism for almost one hundred years
Palestine Cont. • Civil War -->pervasive anti-Jewish, destruction of Jewish property, sporadic outbreaks of violence, and massacres were ongoing events • Propaganda for ethnic cleansing: in many books • estimated 6.4 million Palestinian refugees living in dirty refugee camps- Lebanon, Jordan, Arab countries • 1948 Israeli War of Independence when 800,000 Arabs either fled for their safety or were forced out of their homes by Israeli forces
Kenya • Started in 2007 after a presidential election • episodes of violence - the burning of a church with women and children inside • occurred in mostly Kalenjin and Isiolo areas . • trying to balkanize (divide a territory into small, hostile states) the country along ethnic lines • The death toll stood at more than 1,000, with much of the fighting, like the voting, along ethnic lines.
Kenya Cont. • one of the most corrupt, deeply entrenched political systems on the continent. • 1,100 people are believed to have been killed in organized attacks and more than 300,000 were driven from their homes or fled in the violence • Four important Kenyans two of them presidential candidates, were ordered to stand trial at the International Criminal Court in The Hague on charges of crimes against humanity
Summary • Refugees can be forced to leave • Feel the need to escape for safety • "Internally Displaced Persons" who are not officially refugees because they have not left their own country • No place to go
Works Cited • "M.EP. - Expulsions and Population Transfers to Solve Ethnic Conflict." M.EP. - Expulsions and Population Transfers to Solve Ethnic Conflict. Web. 13 May 2012. <http://www.middleeastpiece.com/expulsion_tool.html>. • "Refugees." About.com Geography. Web. 13 May 2012. <http://geography.about.com/od/globalproblemsandissues/a/refugees.htm>. • "Sudan Profile." BBC News. BBC, 05 Jan. 2012. Web. 11 May 2012. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14094995>.