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16-Jan-2013 Fanny Mlinarsky

Wireless for Miniaturized Consumer Electronics. Part III: Bluetooth. 16-Jan-2013 Fanny Mlinarsky. Outline. History and evolution of Bluetooth Bluetooth protocol Applications Capabilities of available Bluetooth devices. Personal. GSM, WCDMA, LTE. 802.15 Bluetooth ZigBee 60 GHz UWB.

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16-Jan-2013 Fanny Mlinarsky

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  1. Wireless for Miniaturized Consumer Electronics Part III: Bluetooth 16-Jan-2013 Fanny Mlinarsky

  2. Outline • History and evolution of Bluetooth • Bluetooth protocol • Applications • Capabilities of available Bluetooth devices

  3. Personal GSM, WCDMA, LTE 802.15 Bluetooth ZigBee 60 GHz UWB Wide (3GPP* based) TVWS 802.22 802.11af Regional NAN Metro 802.16 WiMAX 802.11ad 802.11 Wi-Fi LAN = local area networking PAN = personal area networking MAN = metropolitan area networking WAN = wide area networking NAN = neighborhood area network RAN = regional area networking TVWS = television white spaces 3GPP = 3rd generation partnership project Local

  4. IEEE 802.15 Standards • 802.15.1: Adopted from Bluetooth SIG • 802.15.4: Used by ZigBee • 802.15.4g Smart Utility Networks (smart grid applications) • 802.15.3: UWB • WiMedia Alliance (disbanded); ECMA-368 • 802.15.3c (60 GHz) • Basis for 802.11ad • Common architecture, channelization and bandwidth sharing techniques with WirelessHD, ECMA-387 and draft 802.11ad http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/15/ UWB = ultra wide band

  5. 802.15.1 Prior to v4.0 1 MHz 1 MHz 1 MHz • Spec developed by Bluetooth SIG; v1.1 adopted by 802.15.1 • Signaling: 1 mega-symbol per second GFSK • AFH across all 79 channels to avoid interference • Two modes are defined: • BR (mandatory) of 1 Mbps • EDR of 2 or 3 Mbps Operates in the ISM-2400 band 26 dB -20 dBm -40 dBm • RF channels are spaced 1 MHz and are ordered by channel number k: • f=2402+k MHz, k=0,…,78 1 MHz SIG = Special Interest Group AFH = adaptive frequency hopping BR = basic rate EDR = enhanced data rate GFSK = Gaussian frequency shift keying 3 MHz

  6. V4.0 BT LE • Improved LE PHY: 1 Mbps GFSK • Larger modulation index (better range) than Bluetooth BR • 40 Channels with 2 MHz spacing BT = Bluetooth LE = low energy BR = basic rate GFSK = Gaussian frequency shift keying Source: http://chapters.comsoc.org/vancouver/BTLER3.pdf

  7. Wi-Fi Channels at 2.4 GHz

  8. Bluetooth Evolution GFSK = Gaussian frequency shift keying π/4 DQPSK = pi/4 rotated differential quaternary phase shift keying 8DPSK = 8 phase differential phase shift keying AFH = adaptive frequency hopping MAC = medium access control LE = low energy EDR = enhanced data rate HS = high speed SSP = secure simple pairing AES = advanced encryption standard

  9. Bluetooth Topologies Source: Bluetooth SIG Core_V3.0 + HS document, 21-Apr-09

  10. Bluetooth Piconet • Up to 7 slaves can be active in the piconet; many more slaves can remain connected in a parked state. • Parked slaves are not active on the channel, but remain synchronized to the master and can become active without using the connection establishment procedure. • If multiple piconets cover the same area, a device can participate in two or more overlapping piconets via time multiplexing. • A device can act as a slave in several piconets, but as a master in only one piconet. • Piconets with the same master are synchronized and use the same hopping sequence and are therefore considered the same piconet. • A group of piconets in which connections exist between different piconets is called a scatternet.

  11. Bluetooth Scatternet • Piconets that have common devices are called a scatternet. • Each piconet has one master. Slaves can participate in different piconets on a time-division multiplex basis. • A master in one piconet can be a slave in other piconets. • Piconets are not frequency synchronized and each piconet has its own hopping sequence.

  12. Bluetooth Markets MacBook Air, Mac Mini and iPhone 4S use Bluetooth 4.0. • Key markets: • Mobile phones • Headsets and ‘ car kits’ • Video games • PC & peripherals • Remote controls • Automotive • Medical devices • Sports & fitness • Smart home

  13. Bluetooth 3.0 Architecture • AMP adds 802.11 as a high speed transport. • The High-Speed part of the specification is optional; only devices sporting the "+HS" can run Bluetooth over Wi-Fi data transfer. AMP = alternative MAC and PHY L2CAP = logical link control and adaptation protocol HCI = host controller interface PAL = protocol adaptation layer MAC = medium access control PHY = physical layer

  14. Bluetooth 4.0 Architecture Applications Generic access profile Generic attribute profile Attribute protocol Security manager Host Logical link control and Adaptation protocol Host Controller Interface Link layer Direct test mode Controller BLE PHY

  15. Bluetooth 4.0 Summary • Bluetooth LE standard released June 2010; backward-compatible with all other versions of Bluetooth • Applications include • Connecting devices like pedometers, heart rate straps, blood glucose monitors directly to phones or computers equipped with Bluetooth • Optimized for infrequent transmission of small data bursts via a mobile phone • Not designed for streaming or high data rates applications • Other potential use is for a wireless payment system similar to NFC. Nordic Semi nRF8001 

  16. ZigBee Architecture • Coordinators • Control the formation and security of networks • Routers • Extend the range of networks • Route messages • Perform functions of end devices • End devices • Perform specific sensing or control functions Information flow End device Coordinator Router Central devices such as light fixtures, thermostats and air conditioners could be configured as routers. Devices such as light switches and security sensors could be end devices. Source: ZigBee Alliance http://www.zigbee.org/Specifications/ZigBee/NetworkTopology.aspx

  17. ZigBee Radio Architecture • Short range, low power and low data rate wireless applications • ZigBee protocol stack is layered on top of the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC and PHY • Two PHY layers that operate in the 868/915 MHz and 2.4 GHz ISM bands with a total of 27 channels • No backwards compatibility among ZigBee protocol generations ZigBee Protocol (ZigBee 2006/2007 or ZigBee Pro) IEEE 802.15.4 MAC IEEE 802.15.4 PHY 2.4 GHz 868/915 MHz Data rates: 250, 40 and 20 kbps IEEE 802.15.4™ specifications: http://standards.ieee.org/catalog/ ZigBee specifications: www.zigbee.org Source: ZigBee Specification Document 053474r17 MAC = medium access control PHY = physical layer

  18. Bluetooth LE vs. ZigBee GATT = generic attribute profile

  19. NFC Poster • Key benefit: simplicity of use • No configuration by user; data stored in NFC tag automatically triggers application • Use cases include • Poster: NFC tag in the poster automatically triggers the appropriate application in the reading device (e.g. URL stored in poster opens browser on handset) • Mobile payments: Pay with NFC phones at POS terminals; store vouchers and coupons in NFC phones • Authentication, access control • Unlock car doors • Secure building access • Secure PC log-in Point of Sale (POS) terminal for mobile payments NFC = near field communications POS = point of sale

  20. NFC Technology and Standards • Jointly developed in 2002 by NXP Semiconductors (formerly Philips), Infineon and Sony. • Centered on 13.56 MHz • Up to 424 kbps over 10 centimeters • Communications between NFC-capable devices can be active-active (peer-to-peer) or active-passive • Backwards compatible with • Smart Card infrastructure based on ISO/IEC 14443 (e. g. NXP's MIFARE technology); Sony FeliCa card (JIS X 6319-4) • NFC data exchange protocol is defined in ECMA-340 and ISO/IEC 18092

  21. Summary • Bluetooth by all measures is a successful wireless technology next to Wi-Fi • Serves low power short range applications • BT 4.0 LE, now in all new implementations, seems competitive with alternatives such as ZigBee, NFC and Wi-Fi when it comes to low power short range short messaging applications NFC = near field communications

  22. Next Session • Part IV: Standards-based vs. proprietary wireless implementations • Thursday, January 17th 2013 • 12 pm EST Visit octoScope publications for more material

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