NEW ENCOUNTERS: THE CREATION OF A WORLD MARKET

1. NEW ENCOUNTERS: THE CREATION OF A WORLD MARKET Chapter 14

2. An Age Of Exploration And Expansion Fourteenth century much of the spice trade transported in Muslim ships sailing from India or the Middle East to Southeast Asia. Europe had been largely cut off from direct contact with the far East. Europe had indirect contacts and trade with the East through Muslim and Central European intermediaries During the Mongol era, had more direct contacts, but with the fall of Mongol empire direct routes of trade were cut off by rise of Ottoman Turks.

3. Marco Polo Marco Polo Venetian merchant who spent 20 years in the Far East visiting the court of Kubalai Khan and Japan His reports fueled interest in direct trade with East. Needed to find water route to India and Asia

4. Factors Leading to Exploration Economic Motive. High cost of trade through intermediaries High profit potential Rise of Merchant Class Religious Zeal Spread Christianity to heathens Beat back spread of Islam Was a secondary but not insignificant motive. Put power of Church behind exploration

5. Factors Leading to Exploration Rise of strong state governments Europeans were ready to look beyond their borders for power and wealth. No longer was the monarch focused primarily on keeping the nobles in check. Centralization of wealth in the monarch allowed for funding of enterprises. Competition between states gave them impetus to gain colonies so that they could have an advantage over competing states.

6. Factors Leading to Exploration What knowledge and technology had Europe developed to make expeditions possible. More accurate sea charts Better understanding of ocean currents and trade winds Better ships that allowed one to sail closer to the wind Ships that were sturdier to stand up to wind, carry more cargo and carry cannons New and better navigational tools�Compass and Astrolabe so that could accurately chart a course.

7. The Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire Early 1400s Portugal emerged as the first European maritime and exploring power. Reason Portugal looked to the sea? Prince Henry the Navigator. 1419 established school for navigators sent Portuguese vessels to Africa to explore and search for gold. Motives: Seeking allies against the Muslims Seeking economic opportunity for Portugal Extending Christianity.

8. Portuguese Exploration Early 1400s Portuguese ships start probing Africa for Gold 1441 Portuguese ships get as far south as Cape Verde and bring home a cargo of black Africans, which are sold in Europe as slaves. Breaking the monopoly on the slave trade on the trans-Saharan slave route. Gold Coast: 1471 Portuguese discovered a new source of gold along the southern coast of the hump of West Africa Begin trade in Gold, Ivory and slaves in the Congo region.

9. Portuguese Exploration Begin trade in Gold, Ivory and slaves in the Congo region. Establish forts along the coast to protect trade Around 1487 Portuguese here reports of a way around the tip of Africa to India. Bartolomeu Dias rounds the Cape of Good Hope but turns back before reaching India because of fear of mutiny.

10. Vasco da Gama 1498 Vasco da Gama rounds the Cape and lands in Calicut on the coast of India. Portuguese want to end Muslim monopoly of spice trade, which had intensified with Ottoman control of middle east. Mistakenly believed that Calicut was the source of spices. He returns with a cargo full of Cinnamon and ginger from the Spice Islands Earned huge profit for his sponsors

11. Portuguese Control of Spice Trade During the next several years Portuguese take away control over the Spice Trade from Muslims Reason for Portuguese success ships were heavily armored could inflict heavy damage were very maneuverable gave them a decided military advantage over the Muslims.

13. Voyages to the New World The Spanish were behind the Portuguese in exploration Did not have African bases to ease a trip around the Cape of Good Hope Tried to get to Asia by a different route--sailing west. Christopher Columbus was chief proponents of the idea that could reach Asia by sailing west. Most learned people recognized that the world was round. Columbus under-estimated the circumference of the earth. Thus, vastly under-estimated the time it would take to sail west to Asia.

14. Columbus� Voyages Columbus convinces Queen Isabella of Spain to finance his voyage sails west on three ships outfitted by the Spanish monarchy. He makes land in the Caribbean in 1492. Makes three subsequent voyages. Throughout he believes he has found Asia and simply needs to find a route to the mainland. Explores the islands in the Caribbean looking for Asia and names them the Indies.

15. Columbus� Voyages While Columbus believed he had found Asia, others recognized that he had discovered a new continent. A number of state-sponsored expeditions by European nations were undertaken.

16. Voyages of Exploration A number of state-sponsored expeditions by European nations were undertaken. John Cabot�Venetian who sailed for Henry VII of England along New England Established England�s claim to the area Pedro Cabral�Accidentally discovered South America for Portuguese Amerigo Vespucci: extensive exploration of the coast of South America. America is named for him.

17. Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 Divides the western Southern hemisphere between Portugal and Spain. Portugal gets the route east around the Cape of Good Hope and the Eastern hump of SA (Brazil). Spain gets everything west toward America.

18. Conquistadors Spain quickly consolidated a new-world empire through the raids of Conquistadors. What type of people were the Conquistadors? Were motivated by hope of fame, fortune, glory and spreading the word of God. Were state-sanctioned, but mostly privately funded

19. Conquistadors Usually they were very successful against the native Americans and defeated them easily. Reasons: Superior weapons Diseases brought by Europeans half the native population died of European diseases. Smallpox the biggest killer By 1550 Spain has control over all of South America (except Brazil) all of Central America and Southern North America

20. Conquistadors 1519�Cortez begins overthrow of mighty Aztec empire in central Mexico. Takes three years to defeat all of Montezuma�s Aztec empire. 1531-1550�Spanish Gain Control of Northern Mexico 1536�Pizarro conquers Incas in Peru.

21. Administration of the Spanish Empire At first it was unclear exactly what the status of the natives was under European and church law. Ultimately Queen Isabella declared the Indians to be subjects of Castile Instituted Encomienda System Those holding the right of encomienda (tribute) could use the natives as laborers, but were charged with the protection of their spiritual and material needs. In practice were virtually enslaved. Local leaders had little control from Spain. Were often put to work on sugar plantations and in lucrative gold and silver mines.

22. Governing the Americas Mezteso Casa de Contraction Council of the Indies Viceroys New Spain and Peru

23. The Impact of European Expansion The impact on natives was Harsh and immediate. Old political systems and civilizations were destroyed and population decimated by diseases. Led to European belief in own superiority. Vast amounts of Gold and Silver were brought back to Europe from the new world. Amount of Gold in Spain Quadrupled. Made Spain richest and most powerful country for a while. Led to inflation that dramatically affected Spanish economy. New wealth for investment.

24. Food and Wars Commodities from the new world Sugar, cotton, and vanilla all became much more common in Europe because could be grown in New World. New Products discovered in America Potatoes, coffee, corn, manioc, tomatoes and tobacco transformed the tastes and eating habits of Europe. New Conflicts� Discoveries and settlement of New World led to new economic competition and conflict in Europe Led to later exploration and colonization by England and France.

25. New Rivals Enter the Scene Portugal�s efforts to dominate trade with Asia were only successful for a short time. Investment in ships and ship workers was more than Portugal could sustain. By early 1500 Spanish had established trading bases in Asia. Spain was able to consolidate control over Philippines and use it as an important base for their shipping trade to Europe. Wealth flowing from Americas helped to finance investments in this trade.

26. Dutch and English Late 1500s and early 1600s England and Dutch became even bigger threats to Portugal in Asia. English start trading in East Indies in 1591 and in 1608 establish a base in India. 1602 Dutch East India company established and it begins competing. English and Dutch both begin to compete in the New World, as well. English establish the Virginia company in early 1600s and begin colonization of Americas at Jamestown. Dutch West India Company founds New Holland in present New York.

27. Slave Trade During the 16th-18th centuries, the demand for Slaves increased dramatically European colonial powers used slave labor on large plantations growing staple crops. African Slave Trade had predated Europeans. Africans themselves had used captured people as slaves. Slavery in East Africa and Middle East since Ancient times Slaves in the Middle East used mostly for domestic labor Slavery had also existed in small numbers in European countries

28. Sugar Slavery was transformed in the fifteenth and 16th Centuries because of sugar. Native to Indonesia Introduced to Europeans during the Crusades, but expensive and hard to get. 15th Centuries it was grown in modest amounts on Cyprus, Sicily and southern Spain. 1490 Sugar plantations established by Portuguese off coast of Africa.

29. Sugar Islands Demand for Sugar in Europe increased. Sugar is a much more potent sweetener than honey Was very expensive because very labor intensive crop. Sugar Production goes way up in the 16th Century with colonization of Americas. Portuguese and Spanish establish Sugar plantations off coast of Brazil and in Caribbean Import African Slaves to work these plantations Native Americans make poor slaves and aren�t available in sufficient numbers.

30. Slave Trade Begins 1518, Spanish ship carries the first boatload of African slaves directly from Africa to the New World. Between early 1500s and late 1700s, 10 Million slaves were transported to the Americas. Large number of imported slaves because high death rate. One-in-ten died on voyage to the New World and many more died from disease soon after arriving. Conditions on sugar plantations in the Caribbean were harsh Birth rate could not keep up with death rate