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Second Tier Cities in Age of Austerity: Why Invest Beyond the Capitals?

Second Tier Cities in Age of Austerity: Why Invest Beyond the Capitals?. Professor Michael Parkinson CBE EU Open Days, Brussels, 2012. Second Tier Cities - 4 Questions. Who are we? 2. What are we trying to do? 3. How are we doing it? 4. What messages?. 1. Who Are We?. Partners EIUA

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Second Tier Cities in Age of Austerity: Why Invest Beyond the Capitals?

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  1. Second Tier Cities in Age of Austerity: Why Invest Beyond the Capitals? Professor Michael Parkinson CBE EU Open Days, Brussels, 2012

  2. Second Tier Cities - 4 Questions • Who are we? • 2. What are we trying to do? • 3. How are we doing it? • 4. What messages?

  3. 1. Who Are We? • Partners • EIUA • MRI Budapest • University of Tampere • Advisers • University College London • University of Paris

  4. 2. What Trying to Do? • Answers to • What contribution capital & second tier cities national, EU performance? • Which punch weight nationally & Europe, how and why? • What territorial impact & implications crisis? • Who does what better, differently in future? • What are second tiers? • Larger non-capital performance affects national economy. Agreed EU OECD metro region boundaries

  5. 2. What Trying to Do? • Test key arguments: • Decentralisation powers & resources, deconcentration investment • higher performing economies • Better second tiers - better national and European economies • Relationship capital & second tiers win-win, not zero sum • National policies for second tiers crucial • Critical success factors – innovation, diversity, human capital, connectivity, place quality, strategic governance capacity • Territorial governance & place matter more not less global economy

  6. 2. What Trying to Do? • Reflect policy concerns DG Regio & 5th Cohesion Report • What performance second tiers , what gap capitals, what direction change? • What policy debate member states? • How gap seen, competitiveness or cohesion, explicit or implicit, any concern territorial impact? • What impact national policy for second tiers - greater targeting, increased capacity, more powers & resources, fewer constraints?

  7. 3. How Doing It? • Research & policy literature – performance, policies, prospects • Quantitative data 124 second tiers , 31 capitals • Interviews - European, national policy makers, private sector • E-questionnaire • 9 case studies – Tampere, Cork, Leeds, Lyon, Turin, Munich, Barcelona, Katowice, Timisoara

  8. 4. What Messages? • Performance cities crucial to competitiveness • Economic contribution capital & second tier varies • Capitals dominate - but size gap varies & some cases falling • Capitals dominate national economy more in east than west • Many second tiers growing contribution national prosperity • Some second tiers outperform capital

  9. 4. What Messages? • Baseline • Gap capitals & second tiers big

  10. Few Exceptions - Top Secondary Outperforms Capital: Germany, Austria, Italy, Belgium, Ireland

  11. Top Secondary Lags Capital by 5-20%: Spain, UK, Netherlands, France

  12. Top Secondary Lags Capital by 20-30%: Denmark, Poland, Sweden, Finland, Portugal

  13. Top Secondary Lags Capital by 30-45%: Hungary, Romania, Lithuania, Greece, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Croatia

  14. Top Secondary Lags Capital by 50-65%: Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Slovakia

  15. 4. What Messages? • Change during boom • Some second tiers outperformed capitals

  16. GDP per capita – average annual % change, 2000-7

  17. GDP per capita – average annual % change, 2000-7

  18. GDP per capita – average annual % change, 2000-7

  19. 4. What Messages? • Governance matters

  20. Productivity Capitals and Second Tiers 2007

  21. 4. What Messages? • Greater Decentralisation • Greater Productivity Second Tiers

  22. Decentralisation and Second Tier Cities’ Average Productivity 2007

  23. 4. What Messages? • Capitals grow, regional inequality grows • Second tiers grow, regional inequality falls

  24. Capital grows more than national: Regional inequality grows

  25. 4. What Messages? • Crisis is hurting

  26. Change Unemployment Rates % NUTS 2 2007-10 Source: Bubbico & Dijkstra, 2011

  27. 4. What Messages? Significant risk

  28. 4. What Messages? • RISK: • Crisis undermine achievements second tiers • Competition public & private investment widen gaps within second tiers • Competition widen gap between second tiers & capitals • Increased inequality across Europe & failure hit EU 2020 targets

  29. 4. What Messages? Policy matters

  30. 4. What Messages? • Policy impact: • Countries concentrate attention resources capitals cost second tiers • Little explicit policy debate on relationship - most focus cohesion • But some beginning focus economic performance second tiers • Some national policies promoted urban competiveness - innovation, diversity, skills, connectivity, place quality, governance. • Some policies helped second tiers develop • Cities better countries less political centralisation & economic concentration, & cities greater powers, resources & responsibilities. • Some cities helped national economy perform better

  31. 4. What Messages? • Policy implications and prospects: • Relationship capital secondary not zero sum but win-win • Diseconomies scale suggest governments encourage development second tier cities to complement capital • Second tiers could absorb growth from capital when costs to it outweigh benefits • Little demand artificially limit capitals contribution national prosperity • Increase national economic pie - encouraging second tiers not kill golden goose capital

  32. 4. What Messages? • Policy implications & prospects – investment in age austerity: • Number second tiers country sustain depends size, level development • Smaller countries & East less scope develop second tier cities • But policy aim should still be more high performing second tiers • Government territorial investment decisions more explicit • Deconcentration, decentralisation, policy focus second tiers helps • EU greater focus territory - economic place making

  33. 4. What Messages? • More systematic national policies second tier cities • EU continue investment new member states • Maximise territorial impact national policies competitiveness • Decentralise responsibilities & resources, deconcentrate investment. • Territorial economic governance at scale • Encourage financial innovation • Greater transparency territorial investment strategies • Mainstream money & policies matter most not urban initiatives • Invest second tiers when (i) gap capital big, growing; (ii) weak business infrastructure because underinvestment (iii) negative externalities capital

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