GASIFICATION

1. GASIFICATION

2. Presented by Craig Schmidt of Eastman Gasification Services Company at the West Virginia Hydrogen Workshop on November 19, 2003 at Stonewall Resort, Roanoke, WV. This meeting was a part of the Energy Roadmap Workshop Series commissioned by West Virginia Governor Bob Wise.

3. Gasification is a process that converts carbonaceous materials, such as coal, petroleum coke or biomass, into carbon monoxide and hydrogen. In a gasifier, the carbonaceous material undergoes three processes: pyrolysis (devolatilization), combustion, and gasification pyrolysis Gasification (and combustion forming CO2

6. Presented by Craig Schmidt of Eastman Gasification Services Company at the West Virginia Hydrogen Workshop on November 19, 2003 at Stonewall Resort, Roanoke, WV. This meeting was a part of the Energy Roadmap Workshop Series commissioned by West Virginia Governor Bob Wise.

8. Presented by Craig Schmidt of Eastman Gasification Services Company at the West Virginia Hydrogen Workshop on November 19, 2003 at Stonewall Resort, Roanoke, WV. This meeting was a part of the Energy Roadmap Workshop Series commissioned by West Virginia Governor Bob Wise.

12. The types of gasifiers are various, but may be divided into three main groups: - entrained flow gasifiers, - fluidized bed gasifiers (bubbling/circulating) - fixed bed gasifiers, counter-current (updraft), co-current (downdraft) cross-current moving bed.

17. combined cycle power plant Condenser Pump Steam Turbine Boiler/ heat exchanger Electric Generators Gas Turbine

20. Tampa Electric – Polk Power Station 250 MW – operating since 1996

21. 253 MW Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Power Plant, Buggenum, Netherlands

22. Siemens Westinghouse Gas Turbines

23. IGCC has fewer air emissions than a conventional supercritical pulverized coal plant (SCPC)

24. Scrubbing of the syngas

25. CO2 separation from syngas

26. The main Solvents

27. IGCC costs are close to conventional coal plants • IGCC may cost slightly more than convention plants without carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) but costs much less when carbon is reduced. Cost of Electricity in $/MWh

28. The Wabash River Coal Gasification Repowering Project is the first full-size commercial gasification-combined cycle plant built in the United States. Located outside West Terre Haute, Indiana, the plant started full operations in November 1995.

30. HYDROGEN

31. Energy source – primary source of energy naturally occurring in nature: • Crude oil • Coal • Natural gas • Solar radiation • Wind • Hydro • Bio-mass • Nuclear

32. Past and Future Changes in Energy Sources

33. HYDROGEN the "forever fuel" that we can never run out of Water + energy hydrogen + oxygen Hydrogen + oxygen water + energy

34. Why is hydrogen so important? • Hydrogen is ~75% of the known universe • On earth, it’s not an energy source like oil or coal • Only an energy carrier like electricity or gasoline — • a form of energy, derived from a source, that can be • moved around • The most versatile energy carrier - Can be made from any source and used for any service • - Readily stored in large amounts • Almost never found by itself; must be liberated • - “Reform” HCs or CHs with heat and catalysts • - “Electrolyze” water (split H2O with electricity) • - Experimental methods: photolysis, plasma, • microorganisms,… • 1 kg of H2 contains same energy as 1 U.S. gallon • of gasoline, which weighs not 2.2 but 6.2 pounds

35. Is it safe?: A primer on Hydrogen safety • All fuels are hazardous, but… • Hydrogen is comparably or less so, but different: • Clear flame can’t sear you at a distance; no • smoke • Hard to make explode; can’t explode in free air; burns first • 22× less explosive power • Rises, doesn’t puddle • Hindenburg myth (1937) – nobody was killed by hydrogen fire • Completely unrelated to hydrogen bombs

36. History of hydrogen as energy • • 1820 – H2 combustion in a engine like device to do mechanical work • – better than a steam engine as no warm-up time was needed • • 1874 – science fiction prediction that hydrogen would be the chief fuel • after coal by decomposing water using electricity • • 1900 – first lab experiments with electrolysis • • 1920 – Large scale plants in Canada using hydro-electricity from • Niagara Falls to make hydrogen. Company was Stuart Electrolyzer • that is still in the business today (same family) • • 1923 – hydrogen from wind generated electricity in England to avoid • pollution from coal fired power plants. Hydrogen stored as a • cryogenic liquid. • • 1919 – hydrogen used as a fuel for vehicles in Germany • • 1930 – hydrogen distributed in pipelines in Germany • 1930s – hydrogen used in mixtures (usually injected into the • cylinders) with liquid fuels to markedly increase engine power. Work • done in Germany • 1950 – first hydrogen/air fuel cell in lab in England • • 1962 – fuel cell work in Germany in connection with splitting water • with solar energy • • 1962 – proposal to use solar energy to make hydrogen for fuel cells • in urban areas to generate electricity • • 1970- General Motors proposed using the fuel cell in passenger • cars to replace the gasoline engine

37. The First Question: Where Does Hydrogen Come From? currently most energy efficient Steam Reforming Fossil Fuels requires improvements Partial Oxidation not cost effective Electrolysis Water requires high temperatures Thermochemical requires improvements Gasification Biomass slow kinetics Microbial 95% of hydrogen is currently produced by steam reforming

38. Steam Reforming of Methane

39. Steam Reforming of Methane, cont. Catalysts: Ni, or Au-Ni CH4 + H2O  CO + 3H2DH298 = 206 kJ/mol Water gas shift reaction CO + H2O  CO2 + H2DH298 = -41kJ/mol

40. Partial oxidation (POX) of methane • two-step process • performed with or without catalyst • reactions: • 50% efficiency • requires pure oxygen CO + H2O CO2 + H2

41. Thermal decomposition of methane (TDM): • so-called methane cracking • emperatures greater than 1300oC • Thermocatalytic decomposition of methane (TCM): • Catalysts for TCM: • Ni-based catalysts (500-900oC) • Fe-based catalysts (200-1200oC) • Co-based catalysts (low activity, expensive) • C-based catalysts (autocatalytic process)

42. Water electrolysis

43. Electrode types

47. Technology that is developed at MEEP And Coal Research Center SIUC Keep things as simple as possible, but not simpler A. Einstein 1879-1955

48. CO2 H2 H2O Air/O2 A NEW CONCEPT Coal

49. Always increase the complexity in order to justify failure Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss 1777 - 1855

50. 2CO = C + CO2 • Fe2O3 + H2 = H2O + 2FeO • CO + H2O = CO2 + H2 • CO + Fe2O3 = 2FeO + CO2 C + O2 = CO2 • 2FeO + 1/2O2 = Fe2O3 CaCO3 = CaO + CO2 CO2 + CaO = CaCO3