Gasification Technologies for Fuel Production

1. Gasification Technologies for Fuel Production Tim Eggeman, Ph.D., P.E. June 29, 2009 Third Meeting of the International Sugarcane Biomass Utilization Consortium Shandrani Resort & Spa, Mauritius

2. “Complex” SASOL Gasification Can Be: “Simple” WWII Automobile

3. Fuel Gas Applications Are Simplest Central Minnesota Ethanol Cooperative 15 Million gal/yr Corn Dry Mill $15 Million Gasifier Retrofit

4. Another Fuel Gas Application Retrofit a Pulverized Coal Boiler to Allow Co-firing Biomass Lahti, Finland 50 MWth

5. Why are Fuel Gas Applications “Simple”? Atmospheric Pressure Operation Air Blown: Low Calorific Gas w/ N2 is OK Low Temperature High Make of Methane and Tars is OK Dry Ash…generally OK Moving Bed is Common

6. Gasifier Flow Patterns a) Moving Bed b) Fluidized Beds c) Entrained Flow

7. Fuel Capacity Entrained Flow

8. BIGCC Are More Complex Gasifier: Circulating Fluid Bed, Air Blown, 18 bar, 950-1000 °C Värnamo, Sweden 18 MWth Input as Wood

9. Repotec Gasifier CONFIDENTIAL

10. Repotec – Güssing 8 MWth CONFIDENTIAL Operating Hours Per Year

11. Not All Projects are Successful Many Fail to Get Funding SIGAME (Eucalyptus BIGCC in Brazil) Technical and Management Problems Paia, Hawai’i Bagasse BIGCC Had Problems with Bagasse Supply/Feed

12. Feedstock Properties

13. Ash Properties Instantaneous Feed Heating Slagging Operations Raw Gas Quenching Sticky Ash Regime Forbidden Temperature Range Dry Ash Gasifiers Agglomerating Gasifiers Slagging Gasifiers TInitial Deformation TFluid T250

14. Ash Properties a) Coal Ash From: www.ultrasys.com.au/bits.html# b) Biomass Ash From: Miles et. al. (1996)

15. Thermodynamics Effect of Pressure at T = 1000 °C Effect of Temperature at P = 30 Bar

16. Fuel Footprint a) Iso-lines of Cold Gas Efficiency b) Iso-lines of Syngas (H2 +CO) Yield

17. Gasification for Chemicals is Most Complex Feed Conditioning Pyrolysis Torrefaction Grinding High Temperature Gasification ~1300°C Synthesis Gas Chemicals Syngas Process Tail Gas (Heat, Steam/Power) Tar Reforming Biomass Low Temperature Gasification ~800°C Producer Gas (Heat, Steam/Power)

18. Biomass to Liquids (BTL) Distribution of Products Means Additional Hydrotreating Is Needed Gasification: Fischer-Tropsch:

19. Choren Freiberg Site Blue Stripe Building (Back) – Alpha Plant Red Stripe Building (Center) – Beta Plant Open Space (Center Left) – Future Shell FT Plant Installation of Entrained Flow Gasifier, Beta Plant

20. Choren

21. Mixed Alcohol Synthesis Chemistry: Shift Lowers H2:CO ~ 1 Products Follow Flory Distribution Requires High Pressures

22. Range Fuels Demonstration Plant in Soperton, GA in Planning

23. Syngas Fermentation Same Chemistry as Mixed Alcohol Synthesis!

24. Coskata Working With AlterNRG for Plasma Gasification

25. ZeaChem Technology ZeaChem’s Core Technology Sales Acetic Acid Sugar Solution Ethyl Acetate • Biomass: • Hardwood • Softwood • Switch Grass • Corn Stover Ethanol Sales Hydrogen Residue to Gasifier 25

26. Theoretical Yields Biochemical Only Yield: 78-112 gal(neat)/BDT 39-56 Thermochemical Only Yield: 112 gal(neat)/BDT 56 Syngas Fermentation Yield: 112 gal(neat)/BDT 56 ZeaChem Hybrid Yield: 156 gal(neat)/BDT 78 Balance 4 Hydrogenolysis Balance 14 Mixed Alcohol Synthesis Balance 14 Biochemical Processing Balance 18 H2 30 Biochemical Processing Balance 61-44 Syngas 70 Syngas 70 Ester 52 Balance 30 Residue 8 Biochemical Processing Balance 30 Thermochemical Processing Thermochemical Processing Thermochemical Processing 100 100 100 60 40 100 Values in Italics Indicate Chemical Energy Flow Normalized to Biomass = 100 Yield assumes 200 gal(neat)/BDT for 100% Chemical Efficiency

27. Recommendations for ISBUC Have Well-Defined Scope Start Simple then Build Complexity Need a Strong Operating Partner with Form a High-Level Business Case Early Incremental Economics for Addition of a BIGCC to a “Typical” Mill Refine as Progress is Made Project Plan Sources of Funds Location Schedule

28. Potassium Content