Prison Classification System: Defining Custody Levels and Treatment Programs

1. Chapter 10 Incarceration

2. Prison Operations: budget & programs

3. definition “classification” • process by which prisoner is categorized regarding security & treatment needs & is assigned to custody level (ie, prison), supervision level (within prison), & treatment programs • Ideally, based on psychology, education, vocational, health, other needs • classification determines: • prison site • housing assignment • work assignment • availability of treatment programs • good time available (eg, Colorado) • today: classification = f (RISK)!

4. 3 models of incarceration • custodial • emphasizes security, discipline, order • dominates maximum security prisons • rehabilitation • emphasizes provision of treatment programs designed to reform the offender • developed in 1950s; out of favor today • reintegration • emphasizes maintenance of the offender’s ties to family & community as a method of reform, recognizing that the offender will be returning to community • linked to community corrections

5. radial main designs of US prisons courtyard telephone pole campus

6. Prison security levels: a caveat • there are no national design or classification “standards” regarding different levels of security. • a “maximum” security prison in one state may appear much like a “medium” security prison in another. • prison crowding has further blurred the distinction between maximum & medium security prisons, even within a state.

7. definition “maximum security” • prison designed, organized, & operated to minimize the possibility of escapes & violence; imposes strict limitations on the movement & freedom of inmates & visitors

8. “maximum security” prisonCal. State Prison, Sacramento--“new Folsom”

9. definition “medium security” • prison designed, organized, & operated to prevent escapes & violence, but in which restrictions on inmates & visitors are less rigid than in maximum security facilities

10. “medium security” prisonCalifornia State Prison, Solano

11. definition “minimum security” • prison designed, organized, & operated to permit inmates & visitors as muchfreedom as is consistent with the concept of incarceration

12. “minimum security” prisonCalifornia Institution for Men, Chino

13. the “super-max” • created to house the “worst of the worst”--incorrigible, violent, assaultive, disruptive inmates, & prison gang members-- who require close & constant supervision • house 100,000 men (8 -10% of total in custody) • created by federal government; 38 states • Administrative Maximum Facility (ADX) Florence, Colorado • Pelican Bay State Prison (SHU) • Northern Correctional Institute -- Connecticut

14. Pelican Bay State PrisonCrescent City, Ca (“super-max”) Security Housing Unit level IV prison

15. Prison Profiles a look at the joints

16. types of American prisons,by state v. federal jurisdiction

17. where inmates are housed,by security level percent of all U.S. inmates

18. where inmates are housed,by security level in state & federal prisons percent of all U.S. inmates

19. types of American prisons,by gender of inmate population

20. Prisoner Profiles: who’s doing time?

21. state prisoner profileinmate gender % of adult inmates in state prisons

22. state prisoner profileage % of adult inmates in state prisons

23. state prisoner profileeducation % of adult inmates in state prisons

24. state prisoner profileoffense % of adult inmates in state prisons

25. state prisoner profilecriminal record % of adult inmates in state prisons # times previously incarcerated or on probation

26. definition “race” • traditionally, a biologicalconcept used to distinguish humankind into categories related to skin color & other physical features

27. definition “ethnicity” • concept used to distinguish people according to their culturalcharacteristics--language, religion, & group traditions • ethnicity can be used to further distinguish not only among white individuals, but among African Americans, as well. • it can also be used to even further subdivide Hispanics.

28. Race/Ethnicity of US inmates

29. incarceration rates for malesracial/ethnic groups number of men incarcerated per 100,000 of each group

30. % of black men in prison vs. % in U.S. population

31. Drug sentences: The New Demon

32. state & federal populations, by drug offense or not state prisons federal prisons

33. 1985 1997 pop. = 31,000 pop. = 150,000 federal prison populations,by type of offense, over time (1985 -’97)

34. pop. = 450,000 pop. = 1,600,000 1985 1997 state prison populations,by type of offense, over time (1985 -’97)

35. new prison populations with special problems or needs “new” populations prisoners with HIV/AIDS mentally ill prisoners elderly prisoners prisoners with long terms

36. Evolution of Private prisons:“own a piece of the rock-pile” today: $1 billion annual operation! • Marion Adjustment Center • 1st privately owned & operated facility for adult felons, 1986 • Kentucky • US Corrections Corp. • Intensive Treatment Unit • Weaversville, Pennsylvania --1st privately operated secure correctional facility, 1975 • 20-bed, high security • dormitory-style • training school • juvenile delinquents • RCA Corporation • non-profit organizations • 1960s • halfway houses • group homes • juvenile care • work release

37. private prisonsthe key players the business of private prisons: • launched in 1980s, spurred by massive state prison boom • $1 billion yearly operation in U.S. • 158 private prisons in U.S. • 119,813 adults incarcerated in private prisons in U.S. Corrections Corporation of America Wackenhut Corrections Corporation 3/4 of the market

38. models for public/private control of corrections ownership operating authority

39. issues for private corrections issues costs & profitability offender types liability & accountability ethics & politics level of services compliance with state law employment,training, & salaries

40. End of Show

41. “radial design”Eastern State Penitentiary, Philadelphia

42. “telephone pole design”Correctional Training Facility, Soledad, Ca.

43. “courtyard design” (modified)California Men’s Colony, San Luis Obispo

44. “campus design”California Institutiona for Women, Frontera