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Means Tested Programs B. Welfare. Source: Brookings. http://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2001/takeitfromme/abouttheissues.html. Ideological Shifts in Media Discourse Over Time. Misra Moller and Karides 2003. Data Source: http://www.acf.hhs.gov/news/stats/3697.htm.
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Means Tested Programs B Welfare Source: Brookings
http://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2001/takeitfromme/abouttheissues.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2001/takeitfromme/abouttheissues.html Ideological Shifts in Media Discourse Over Time Misra Moller and Karides 2003 Data Source: http://www.acf.hhs.gov/news/stats/3697.htm
http://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2001/takeitfromme/abouttheissues.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2001/takeitfromme/abouttheissues.html Misra Moller and Karides 2003 Ideological Shifts in Media Discourse Over Time Data Source: http://www.acf.hhs.gov/news/stats/3697.htm
Welfare Proportion of the Budget Quiz Questions # 11 & 12 Back Q 11 12 Devolution as Seen from the Budget Author(s):C. Eugene Steuerle, Gordon Mermin Other Availability:PDF | Order Online | Printer-Friendly Version Published: January 01, 1997 Citation URL: http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?ID=307034
SCHIP Prescriptions for seniors FDA CDC UI Food Stamps HUD EITC SSI As we will discuss, federal employees and railroad employees don’t participate in social security. “Welfare” Public School College Loans One Stop Centers VESID
These are taxes to yourself – to pay for your personal insurance
Racial Tensions http://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2001/takeitfromme/abouttheissues.html • Dramatic caseload increases after 1988 • Public perception: Welfare “out of control” • shifted to overwhelming support for work requirements for custodial parents, • Public opinion • AFDC very unpopular seen as • anti-work (no paid work requirement) (Quiz #20) and • anti-family (encouraged single parenthood) Quiz Q 16 &18 • The public was willing to accept almost any alternative to the status quo Why Welfare Reform Finally Passed Misra Moller and Karides 2003 Data Source: http://www.acf.hhs.gov/news/stats/3697.htm
http://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2001/takeitfromme/abouttheissues.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2001/takeitfromme/abouttheissues.html Q 2 Source: Department of Health & Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Characteristics and Financial Circumstances of TANF Recipients, 1998, and earlier reports. Race is determined based on the race of the adult recipient; in child-only cases, race is determined based on the youngest child in the unit. Misra Moller and Karides 2003 Ideological Shifts in Media Discourse Over Time http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/leavers99/race.htm#fig1 Data Source: http://www.acf.hhs.gov/news/stats/3697.htm
Certain Groups are Over-Represented in PovertyQuiz questions: 1&2 Table 9.2: Who Are the Poor in the United States?
http://www.ndol.org/ndol_ci.cfm?kaid=114&subid=143&contentid=250112http://www.ndol.org/ndol_ci.cfm?kaid=114&subid=143&contentid=250112
Where the Welfare Queen Myth Started • During that election Reagan often recited the story of a woman from Chicago's South Side who was arrested for welfare fraud. "She has 80 names, 30 addresses, 12 Social Security cards and is collecting veteran's benefits on four non-existing deceased husbands. And she is collecting Social Security on her cards. She's got Medicaid, getting food stamps, and she is collecting welfare under each of her names." David Zucchino, a Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter, spent a year with two welfare mothers in Philadelphia and wrote "The Myth of the Welfare Queen." According to Zucchino, "[T]he image of the big-spending, lavish-living, Cadillac-driving welfare queen was by then thoroughly embedded in American folklore." http://www.ndol.org/ndol_ci.cfm?kaid=114&subid=143&contentid=250112 http://www.nieman.harvard.edu/reports/99-2NRsummer99/Gilliam.html http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/rr40.html
The 'Welfare Queen' Experiment How Viewers React to Images of African-American Mothers on Welfare By Franklin D. Gilliam, Jr. The Nieman Foundation for Journalism at Harvard University Vol. 53 No. 2 Summer 1999 http://www.nieman.harvard.edu/reports/99-2NRsummer99/Gilliam.html True to form, exposure to the full confirmation of the script (i.e. black Rhonda) increased opposition to welfare spending by five percent and showed a 10 percent rise in an attribution of cause to individual failings.
The 'Welfare Queen' Experiment How Viewers React to Images of African-American Mothers on Welfare By Franklin D. Gilliam, Jr. The Nieman Foundation for Journalism at Harvard University Vol. 53 No. 2 Summer 1999 • First, broadcasters should be encouraged to more accurately reflect the real world of welfare. Most welfare recipients are children and most welfare recipients are not African-American. • Second, the knee-jerk response of simply showing more white women on welfare would not reduce polarizing racial effects. The evidence from this study suggests that exposure to white welfare mothers actually makes white viewers feel more negatively toward blacks. • Third, the welfare script, as seen frequently on broadcast news, contributes to racial hostility. http://www.nieman.harvard.edu/reports/99-2NRsummer99/Gilliam.html
“What passed for debate sounded more like a chorus-exaggerating the burden of welfare programs on the federal budget and scapegoating the poor, the black, the foreign, the female and the young. Relatively powerless groups became the targets of politicians and most of the press, while their advocates were routinely excluded from or belittled in the discussion. Long-time critics of "welfare" from the women's movement, trade unions and the left were sidelined.” http://www.fair.org/extra/9705/welfare-coverage.html
AFDC TANF http://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2001/takeitfromme/abouttheissues.html • Entitlement Status • States were not allowed to time limit beneficiaries • End Cash EntitlementRequirements • Federal 5-Year Time Limit Data Source: http://www.acf.hhs.gov/news/stats/3697.htm
AFDC TANF http://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2001/takeitfromme/abouttheissues.html • Weakly Enforced Activity Requirements • generally focused on education and training rather than work • Stringent Work Requirements • Strongly enforced • Sanctions Data Source: http://www.acf.hhs.gov/news/stats/3697.htm
AFDC TANF http://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2001/takeitfromme/abouttheissues.html • Shared cost • Federal (50%) • states (25%) • Local (25%) • Block Grant Funding • Pre-set Amounts Data Source: http://www.acf.hhs.gov/news/stats/3697.htm
TANF FamiliesFiscal Years 1996 - 2005 Most Rhetoric is about adults, But most clients are kids. 1 Is the Reform a Success? Hard to Say Because… http://www.acf.dhhs.gov/programs/ofa/
SCHIP Prescriptions for seniors FDA CDC While Most of the talk is about “welfare” as you can see, we spend more on food stamps, Tax policy, and housing! So lets talk about them… UI Food Stamps HUD EITC SSI “Welfare” Public School College Loans One Stop Centers VESID
Focus on Work and Accountability Wednesday, June 28, 2006
TANF FamiliesFiscal Years 1996 - 2005 Most Rhetoric is about adults, But most clients are kids. 1 Is the Reform a Success? Hard to Say Because… http://www.acf.dhhs.gov/programs/ofa/
Many people rely on welfare. Is being a welfare queen the norm? Most Rhetoric is about adults, But most clients are kids. 2 Source: Mark Rank. 2004. One Nation, Underprivileged. Oxford University Press. P.103 Is the Reform a Success? Hard to Say Because…
Source: Mark Rank. 2004. One Nation, Underprivileged. Oxford University Press. P.105
Does it Raise you Above Poverty? 4 Source: Mark Rank. 2004. One Nation, Underprivileged. Oxford University Press. P.103 Is the Reform a Success? Hard to Say Because…
Does it Raise you Above Poverty? 4 Source: Mark Rank. 2004. One Nation, Underprivileged. Oxford University Press. P.103 Is the Reform a Success? Hard to Say Because…
Studying Actual Budget Usage • Source: Edin and Lein
Studying Actual Budget Usage Quiz # 19 Welfare Reliant Working • Source: Edin and Lein
Was the Purpose to reduce expenditures? 5 Source: Mark Rank. 2004. One Nation, Underprivileged. Oxford University Press. P.103 Is the Reform a Success? Hard to Say Because… The Washington Post National Weekly Edition p20
We’re spending less on cash Assistance:But more overall 1999 1995 Less than 1% of federal budget (Nightengale and Haveman preface 1995) 1990 32 26 21 http://www.heritage.org/Research/Welfare/Test030701b.cfm
Was the Purpose to Help the poor Or employers? 6 6 Source: Mark Rank. 2004. One Nation, Underprivileged. Oxford University Press. P.103 Is the Reform a Success? Hard to Say Because… The Washington Post National Weekly Edition p20
Douglas J. Besharov Lawrence Mead Charles Murray Donors Think Tanks Ideas & Data $$$ *Bethlehem Steel *Exxon *J.C. Penney *Chase Manhattan Bank *the Lilly Endowment (corporate-sponsored foundation) *the Smith Richardson *Foundation (corporate-sponsored foundation) *the Rockefeller Brothers Trust (corporate-sponsored foundation) *the Earhart Foundation (corporate-sponsored foundation) American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research Lobbied for 5 yr time limit and work first policies Led charge against twin evils of "dependency" and "illegitimacy" Funded Researchers Argued social programs overly permissive, regulate more tightly to enforce social obligations to work
Bethlehem Steel Exxon J.C. Penney Chase Manhattan Bank the Lilly Endowment (corporate-sponsored foundation) the Smith Richardson Foundation (corporate-sponsored foundation) the Rockefeller Brothers Trust (corporate-sponsored foundation) the Earhart Foundation (corporate-sponsored foundation) Lobbied for 5 yr time limit and work first policies Douglas J. Besharov American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research Led charge against twin evils of "dependency" and "illegitimacy" Charles Murray Lawrence Mead Argued social programs overly permissive, regulate more tightly to enforce social obligations to work Urged work requirements and sanctions for "able bodied" to instill responsible behavior & self discipline Robert Rector Pushed for broad policy reforms to reinforce traditional 2-parent families & reduce need for welfare Joseph Coors (the beer baron) Roy Rogers (the film and television star and fast food entrepreneur) Richard Scaife (heir of the Mellon banking fortune) Patrick F. Fagan The Heritage Foundation Marvin Olasky Championed "Compassionate Conservatisem" challenge and sprititual growth as anti-poverty components James Payne Suggested replacing government programs with private charities -expecting work in exchange for help. the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation (conservative foundation) the John M. Olin Foundation (conservative foundation) the Sarah Scaife Foundation (conservative foundation) Advocated ending entitlement and replacing them with block grants, requiring strict performance standards for states, and against providing welfare to unwed teenage mothers living alone. Hudson Institute Michael J. Horowitz Founded America Works, favoring privatization and performance based contracting. Peter Cove Argued welfare should be abolished as detrimental to the poor, provide incentive to become reliant, discourage work and marriage. the Bradley, Olin, and Smith Richardson Foundation (conservative foundation) The Scaife Foundation (conservative foundation) Charles Murray The Manhattan Institute George Gilder Asserted welfare only hurts poor by making them unwilling to work. The morality of capitalism. John Dilulio Pioneered faith-based policies and charitable choice in aid to poor. Referneces Used in the Creation of this Chart: Ellen Reese (Forthcoming) "Chapter 9: Making Welfare Good for Business: Businessmen, Corporate-Sponsored ThinkTanks, and the Contemporary Welfare Backlash" in Backlash Against Welfare Mothers: Past and Present., Department of Sociology University of California, Riverside. American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. (2002) Web Site, Accessed October 23, 2002, http://www.aei.org/ Douglas J. Besharov (2002) Professional Profile, Accessed October 23, 2002, AEI, http://www.aei.org/scholars/besharov.htm Charles Murray (2002) Professional Profile, Accessed October 23, 2002 Senior Fellow, AEI, http://www.aei.org/scholars/murray.htmb The Heritage Foundation. (2002) Web Site, Accessed October 23, 2002, http://www.heritage.org/ Robert E. Rector, Senior Research Fellow, The Heritage Foundation (2002) Professional Profile, Accessed October 23, 2002, http://www.heritage.org/About/Staff/RobertRector.cfm Patrick F. Fagan William H. G. Fitzgerald Research Fellow In Family and Cultural Issues, The Heritage Foundation, (2002) Professional Profile, Accessed October 23, 2002, http://www.heritage.org/About/Staff/PatrickFagan.cfm The Manhattan Institute for Policy Research (2002) Web Site, Accessed October 23, 2002, http://www.manhattan-institute.org/ Hudson Institute (2002) Web Site, Accessed October 23, 2002, http://www.hudson.org/ George Gilder’s Wealth and Poverty, (New York, New York: Basic Books, Inc. Publishers, 1981), A review by Rachel Heitmann,History 791, Readings Seminar, University of South Dakota, March 2001, http://www.usd.edu/~rheitman/review7.htm Corporate and Conservative Funders Think Tanks Researchers Ideas
Publications Made by Identified Researchers Pertaining to Welfare Reform
Source: Timothy Bartik. 2001. Jobs for the Poor: Can Labor Demand Policies Help?. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. P.24
Source: Timothy Bartik. 2001. Jobs for the Poor: Can Labor Demand Policies Help?. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. P.73
Q 15 Source: Timothy Bartik. 2001. Jobs for the Poor: Can Labor Demand Policies Help?. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. P.73
Is the Reform a Success? It depends on how you define success…
An alternative for the Final Paper Quiz Question # 7