Professor John Agard UWI

1. Professor John AgardUWI Environment in Development

2. Economy Society Culture The 3 pillars have to be balanced in order to achieve Sustainable Development Services Goods Pressure Environment

5. How do we manage the impacts of the economy and society on the environment ? • Command and Control e.g. EM Act 2000 –CEC Rules 2001, Water Pollution Rules 2001, Noise Pollution Rules 2001, ESA Rules 2001, ESS Rules 2001 -but Air Rules and Waste Rules not law yet. -No environmental legislation passed in last 5 years. • Economic Incentives deposit refund legislation, tax credits for environmental improvements • Corporate Responsibility -e.g. ISO1401 Environmental Management System, Triple bottom line accounting

6. How do we manage the impacts of the economy and society on the environment when all other measures fail? • Consumer Resistance • Public Pressure

7. POTENTIAL ECOSYSTEM SERVICES FROM THE CARIBBEAN SEA SupportingServices that maintain the conditions for supporting lifeNutrient cyclinge.g. forest, mangroves, coral reefs, plankton • Provisioning • Goods produced or provided by ecosystems. • Food • Freshwater • Timber • Pharmaceutical's • Regulating • Benefits obtained from regulation of ecosystem processes • Climate regulation • Disease control • Detoxification • Cultural • Non-material benefits obtained from ecosystems • Recreational • Aesthetic • Inspirational • Educational • .

8. Human Well-being Indirect Drivers Ecosystem Services Direct Drivers MA Conceptual Framework • Indirect Drivers of Change • Demographic • Economic (globalization, trade, market and policy framework) • Sociopolitical (governance and institutional framework) • Science and Technology • Cultural and Religious • Human Well-being and • Poverty Reduction • Basic material for a good life • Health • Good Social Relations • Security • Freedom of choice and action • Direct Drivers of Change • Changes in land use • Species introduction or removal • Technology adaptation and use • External inputs (e.g., irrigation) • Resource consumption • Climate change • Natural physical and biological drivers (e.g., volcanoes)

9. Climate change impacts Feedbacks Non-climate change stresses Interactions Enhanced greenhouse effect Environmental impacts Air pollution Anthropogenic emissions CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE COMPLEX FEEDBACKS BETWEEN THE CLIMATE SYSTEM, BIODIVERSITY AND HUMANS Human & Natural Systems Climate System • Temperature rise • Sea level rise • Precipitation change • Storm intensity increase • Human wellbeing • Biodiversity and • Ecosystem Services Atmospheric Concentrations Socio-Economic Development Paths • Carbon dioxide • Methane • Nitrous oxide • Main indirect drivers are population, energy use,economic growth, technology and land use

10. Potential Climate Change Impacts Health Insect vectors and infectious diseases Agriculture Crop yields Irrigation demands Climate Changes Forests Change in forest composition Shift geographic range of forests Forest health and productivity Carbon sequestration Temperature Precipitation Tropical Storms Watershed Management Changes in water supply Water quality Sea Level Rise Coastal Areas Erosion of beaches (loss of coral reefs) Inundation of coastal wetlands Costs to protect coastal communities Species and Natural Areas Shift in ecological zones Loss of habitat and species

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