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Physical: ionizing radiation, fire, earthquake, volcano, severe weather

Ch. 14 Environmental health – study and assessment of environmental factors that influence human health and quality of life. Physical: ionizing radiation, fire, earthquake, volcano, severe weather Biological: viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens

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Physical: ionizing radiation, fire, earthquake, volcano, severe weather

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  1. Ch. 14 Environmental health – study and assessment of environmental factors that influence human health and quality of life

  2. Physical: ionizing radiation, fire, earthquake, volcano, severe weather Biological: viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens Chemical: harmful substances in the air, water, soil, and food Cultural: smoking, drug use, diet and nutrition, crime, mode of transportation, unsafe sex

  3. What are the leading causes of death worldwide? • In the U.S.?

  4. http://who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/

  5. Infectious disease responsible for 50% of death in LDCs

  6. United States 2010 cdc.gov

  7. Risk assessment

  8. Fig. 11-3 p. 230 Toxicity and Risk • Dose • Level / duration of exposure • Individual sensitivity • Synergism • Persistence

  9. Toxicity and Solubility Water Soluble - Disperse easily in water

  10. Fat soluble Bioaccumulation = toxicants build up in animal tissues – especially if fat soluble Biomagnification = toxicants concentrate in top predators

  11. Carcinogens – cancer causing(often are mutagens: cause mutations)

  12. Teratogens – cause birth defects, especially during first 3 months of pregnancy • Thalidomide • PCBs • Steroids • Heavy metals

  13. Neurotoxins – attack nervous system • Chlorinated hydrocarbons: DDT, PCBs, dioxin, PBDE, industrial solvents • Organophosphate pesticides • Formaldehyde • Mercury, lead, cadmium

  14. Endocrine Disruptors mimic hormones and interfere with the functioning of endocrine (hormone) systems

  15. Lake Apopka alligators Males with low testosterone Females elevated estrogen – fewer viable eggs Fewer juveniles 1980 spill of DDT and dicofol High agricultural runoff – nitrate may act as endocrine disruptor

  16. Evidence for hormone disruption Feminized male frogs and hermaphrodites from low levels of atrazine Low birth weight human babies from mothers eating fish with PCB Atrazine in streams

  17. Endocrine Disruptor connection?

  18. Bisphenol-A (BPA) Endrocrine Disruptor Linked with miscarriage, birth defects,

  19. bisphenol-A (BPA)

  20. Airborne toxicants travel widely • Pesticide drift = airborne transport of pesticides • Synthetic chemical contaminants are found globally

  21. Routes of chemical transport

  22. Indoor Environmental Hazards Radon Lead poisoning Asbestos

  23. Radiation Sources

  24. Risk management

  25. Regulation FDA: food, food additives, cosmetics, drugs, and medical devices EPA: pesticides Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): workplace hazards Superfund

  26. International regulation • Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) 2004 ends the release of the 12 most dangerous POPs Housatonic River PCBs Parties?

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