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Cells

Cells. DI Biology Mrs. Naples. Discovery of the Cell. Discovery of the cell Robert Hooke 1665 First to use a compound microscope to look at “cells” A compound microscope has 2 lenses(objective and eyepiece) Looked at a thin slice of cork which seemed to have many little rooms.

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Cells

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  1. Cells DI Biology Mrs. Naples

  2. Discovery of the Cell • Discovery of the cell • Robert Hooke 1665 • First to use a compound microscope to look at “cells” • A compound microscope has 2 lenses(objective and eyepiece) • Looked at a thin slice of cork which seemed to have many little rooms

  3. Discovery of the Cell • Cork under a microscope

  4. Discovery of the Cell • Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674 • used a simple microscope to look at pond water (one lens) • He saw tiny living things that he called animalcules

  5. The Cell Theory • What is a cell? • The basic unit of life • Schleiden and Schwaan • Two scientists who stated the cell theory • All living things are made of cells • Cells are the basic unit of structure and function • All cells are produced by existing cells

  6. Viewing Cells Up Close • TEM • Transmission Electron Microscope • Uses a beam of electrons to view the insides of cells and proteins • Can only penetrate thinly sliced specimens

  7. Viewing Cells Up Close • SEM • Scanning Electron Microscope • Produces 3-D images of the outside structure of cells

  8. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes • Prokaryotic cells • Cells that do not contain a nucleus • DNA is free to float inside of the cell • Bacteria are an example of prokaryotes

  9. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells • Eukaryotic cells • Larger and more complex • Have a nucleus that contains DNA • Have many “specialized” internal structures contained within a membrane • May live as single cells or make up multicellular organisms

  10. Eukaryotic Cells • Eukaryotic Cell

  11. Eukaryotic Cell Structure • Types of Eukaryotes • Plant and animal cells • Organelles • Membrane bound structures that act like individual organs • Each organelle carries out a specific function

  12. Cytoplasm • Area between the nucleus and cell membrane • Contains a fluid/jelly-like substance which allows easy movement of wastes and raw materials in and out of the cell.

  13. Nucleus • Contains the DNA within a cell • Surrounded by the nuclear envelope • Membrane that protects the inside contents and also allows for the passage of materials in and out of the nucleus such as RNA.

  14. Nucleus • Nucleolus • Center region of the nucleus where DNA is located and the production of the ribosomes begins • Chromatin • Form DNA is in when a cell is not dividing • DNA wrapped around DNA • Looks like thin tangled/bound shoelaces or spaghetti

  15. Nucleus • Chromosomes • Form DNA is in when a cell is dividing. • Looks like single thick shoe laces.

  16. Nucleus • Nucleus

  17. Ribosomes • Small grain-like particles of RNA inside the cytoplasm • Located throughout the cell • Produce proteins from information within DNA

  18. Endoplasmic Reticulum • System of passageways that transports proteins and other materials throughout the cell • Two types of ER • Rough ER • covered with ribosomes which produce proteins • Smooth ER • Mainly responsible for transportation of proteins and finishing the production of proteins

  19. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Endoplasmic Reticulum

  20. Golgi Body (Golgi Apparatus) • Proteins from the ER are transported here • Modifies or packages proteins and other materials before they are secreted outside of the cell. • Puts on the “finishing touches”

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