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Ch 7.3-.4 Notes

This text provides an overview of Andrew Jackson's presidency, including his implementation of the spoils system and his controversial policy of Native American removal. It also discusses the Nullification Theory and the Battle Over the Tariff.

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Ch 7.3-.4 Notes

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  1. Ch 7.3-.4 Notes Goal 2

  2. How to write a Definition • If the word is in the glossary in the back of the book use that definition. • If it is a name or place you will most likely need to create your own • The definition needs to include the who, what, why, when, and where as applicable • Ex. John C. Calhoun: from SC and wrote South Carolina Exposition and Protest in response to the Tariff of Abominations, promoted nullification theory. Also served as VP to John Q. Adams and Jackson

  3. Election of 1824 • Andrew Jackson Vs John Quincy Adams • AJ gets most popular votes but NOT most electoral college votes • Election now must be decided in the H of R • Adams ends up being elected president (partly in thanks to Henry Clay, JQA makes him Sec of State) • Called the Corrupt Bargain • Those mad at the outcome of the election and supporters of AJ leave the Republican party • Now made up of National Republicans (JQA) and Democratic-Republicans (AJ)

  4. Andrew Jackson • Wins election of 1828 • Portrayed himself as the “common man” • Actually…. • AJ was a rough westerner, tall and lean. He suffered from bouts of dysentery, malaria, TB and lead poisoning (had two bullets lodged in his body from previous duels • He was a real “rags to riches” story. Born in a log cabin somewhere on NC/SC border and early orphaned • Family moved to TN when he was child, he did not have a lot of formal education, he was a terrible speller • Worked to own his own plantation (Hermitage located in Nashville, TN) become judge, congressman, and war hero • First president from West, first to be nominated by a formal party convention (1832), second without a college education (GW was first)

  5. Spoils System • Jackson now president and head of what the Democrats (former DRs) brings the spoils system to the federal level • This system rewards political party workers with gov’t jobs regardless of qualifications • First party turn over since Federalists gave Washington to DRs in 1800 • 1/5th of federal employees were replaced

  6. Removal of Native Americans • AJ and his Democrats are committed to western expansion • More than 125,000 Native Americans lived east Mississippi in 1820s. Federal policy toward them varied • Beginning in 1790’s the Washington govt recognized tribes as separate nations and agreed to acquire land through them via treaty • 1828 GA legislature declared Cherokee tribal council illegal and said they were under GA rule now • Cherokees go to court and appeal all the way to the US Supreme Court, which uphold rights of NA’s to their land • AJ did not like NA’s and wanted NA land so he refuses to abide by courts decision • “John Marshall as made his decision; now let him enforce it”

  7. 5 Civilized Tribes • Some NA’s violently opposed white rule others adopted white ways that were beneficial to them • One such groups were the Cherokees of GA • Adopted settled agriculture and notion of “private property” • Had their own legal code and constitution (written) • Had own govt (3 branches) • Some even became planters and had slaves • Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Seminoles and Cherokees known as 5 civilized tribes because of their “efforts”

  8. Removal of Native Americans AJ says removal is “voluntary” and NA’s can practice their culture elsewhere 1830 Congress passes Indian Removal Act, providing for the “transplanting” of all NA tribes east of Mississippi Trail of Tears, Cherokee forced to walk from their lands in GA to Oklahoma (now NA reservation land). 4,000 out of 15,000 die Total of 100,000 NA’s removed

  9. Nullification Theory • A high tariff passes in 1828 • Southerners very mad because with little industry they do not benefit from tariffsNicknamed it the tariff of abominations • Again deeper issue is southern fear that federal govt will take away slavery • Daniel Webster (MA) spokesman for New England who liked new tariff • John C. Calhoun (SC) spokesman for South and West who hates it • SC takes lead in protesting T of A., their legislature publishes but doesn’t endorse The SC Exposition • Exposition was secretly written by JCC (1828) He was VP at the time. • Pamphlet denounces tariff as unjust and unconstitutional

  10. Battle Over the Tariff • Stage is set for showdown, Federal Govt vs the States • SC legislature isnt able to get 2/3 vote needed to void law in their state • Congress passes Tariff of 1832 which removes the worst parts of the Tariff of 1828 • SC legislature meets again and this time is able nullify tariff in their state, this means within SC borders that law does not exist

  11. Tariff of Abominations • VERY TENSE almost Civil War. AJ doesn’t like what SC is doing • Henry Clay (now a Senator and the Great Compromiser). He is supporter of the tariff and dislikes AJ but he loves US • Proposes compromise that says tariff rate would be reduced by 10% over 8 years, Compromise Tariff of 1833 • SC says okay. Civil War is avoided • At same time (to save face and show power) Congress passes the Force Bill it authorizes the president to use the army and navy (if necessary) to collect federal tariff duties

  12. Webster-Hayne Debates • Issue of Tariffs (really issue of states rights) • Jan 1830 in the Senate • Hayne of SC vs Webster of MA • Hayne against Tariff and Webster for Tariff

  13. Jackson and the Bank • Does not like BUS • 1832, vetoes BUS’s charter • Bank war starts in 1832, Daniel Webster and Henry Clay present congress with a bill to renew bank’s charter (charter not supposed to expire until 1836) • Push at this time because it is an election year and want to make it an issue • Clay was AJ’s rival for president

  14. Bank War cont… BUS charter expires 1836, AJ could have just let it die out then but…. He did not want Biddle to try and somehow get BUS a re-charter so in 1833 AJ suggests no more US funds go in BUS and slowly remove those that are there (this would cause BUS to be without money and thus close) AJ’s cabinet advises against this, dangerous economically, AJ goes through 2 Sec of Treasury before he finds one that will agree with him. Biddle sees this coming and calls in all the bank’s loans (Biddle’s Panic) which causes some smaller banks to fail Federal funds are removed and placed in private banks who are nicknamed “pet banks” Bank finally does die in 1836, but it was seriously hurt by AJ before that time

  15. Whig Party • DR’s during AJ’s time went by Democrats (this will eventually become Democrat party we know today) • AJ’s opponents often called him King Andrew I mocking at his power, this group eventually forms into the Whig party (a throw back to the Revolution days when Whigs were anti-King George) • A very diverse group, not too organized at first • Dislike Jackson and Like American System • Conservative but progressive in their support for gov’t programs and reforms • Before internal improvements before expansion ( RR, telegraph lines, schools, prisons, etc) • Support a market economy which gives them allegiance from southern planters, bankers, and new england merchants • Absorbs Anti-Masonic party, often seen as aristocrats

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