Current Research on Disability & Employment

1. www.edi.cornell.edu Employment and Disability Institute Current Research on Disability & Employment DBTAC – Northeast ADA Center 1.800.949.4232 Tony Ruiz & Hannah Rudstam 2008

2. www.edi.cornell.edu Employment and Disability Institute • About the DBTACs • One of ten regional centers located throughout the country • Provide TA, materials dissemination and training on all Titles and aspects of the ADA • Conduct research on disability issues, focusing on employment • DBTAC—NE: New York, New Jersey, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands

3. Goals of session… • Your thoughts: What are the burning research questions you see? • The DBTAC Barrier-Intervention Model: An Activity • An Overview: Current disability statistics • Highlights from recent studies: What do we know about workplace discrimination and reaching employers? • Lunch • EEOC Data & Use of logic model • Your thoughts revisited

4. Let’s start with your thoughts… The question I would most like to see researched is…

5. An Ecological Framework for Addressing Organizational Barriers to Employing People with Disabilities

6. Won’t Can’t Don’t Know The DBTAC Barrier Intervention Model Began as a simple conceptualization… Why don’t organizational leaders employ more people with disabilities?

7. Collective—Organizational Climate Barriers Can’t BarriersShared Behaviors: Policies/Practices Won’t Barriers Shared Attitude Systems Can’t Barriers Won’t Barriers Individual Behaviors Individual Attitudes/Beliefs Individual Barriers Don’t know Barriers Individual Knowledge/Information Don’t know Barriers Shared knowledge

8. The DBTAC Barrier Intervention Model:Matching Barrier to Intervention: Examples Don’t know Barriers Can’t Barriers Won’t Barriers Individual Level Collective Climate Level

9. Taking the Barrier—Intervention Model for a test run…

10. 1. Break into 3 small groups (Each Round = 5 min) • Round 1. Each small group addresses Question 1 on their sheet • Round 2. Rotate pages. Each group adds to last group’s input • Round 3. Rotate again. Add to last group’s input • Round 4. Home again. Question 2--Thematize all groups’ input to Question 1 • 2. Each small group responds to Questions 3 & 4 • (10 min) • 3. Report back to large group (5 min/group = 15 min)

11. An Update: Current Disability Statistics

12. To bridge the gap between the sources of disability data and the users of disability statistics. Data Sources Statistics Users StatsRRTC StatsRRTC Mission

13. Prevalence Rate (Ages 5+) 15.0% People without Disabilities (233,649,000) People with Disabilities (41,247,000) Does not include people living in Institutions.

14. Prevalence Rate, by Disability (Ages 5+)

15. Prevalence Rate, by Age/Gender (Ages 5+)

16. Prevalence Rate, by Race (Ages 5+)

17. Current Definition of Disability from ACS • Do you have any of the following conditions: a. Blindness, deafness, or a severe vision or hearing impairment? ... “Sensory Disability” b. A condition that substantially limits one or more basic physical activities such as walking, climbing stairs, reaching, lifting, or carrying? ... “Physical Disability” (Continued)

18. Definition of Disability from ACS • Because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition lasting 6 months or more, do you have any difficulty in doing any of the following activities: a. Learning, remembering, or concentrating? ... “Mental Disability” b. Dressing, bathing, or getting around inside the home? ... “Self-Care Disability” (Continued)

19. Definition of Disability from ACS • Because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition lasting 6 months or more, do you have any difficulty in doing any of the following activities: a. Going outside the home alone to shop or visit a doctor's office? ... “Go-Outside-Home Disability” b. Working at a job or business? ... “Employment Disability”

20. Employment Gap Remains Wide Gap=42.0% points

21. Employment Rate, by Disability Type

22. Employment Rate, by Selected “States”

24. By the numbers*… • About employment… • 21.7% • Percent of working age people with disabilities employed full-time/full-year • 56.6% • Percent of working age people without disabilities employed full-time/full-year • About income… • $36,000 • Median annual household income of working age people with disabilities • $65,400 • Median annual household income of working age people without disabilities *Source: Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Disability Demographics and Statistics. (2007). 2006 Disability Status Report. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.

25. Disability Statistics Update: U.S. Labor Market Activity Rate/Non-Disability The percentage of men and women, aged 18-64 without a work limitation in the United States who worked more than 52 hours in the prior calendar year from 1981 - 2004 Houtenville, Andrew J. 2005. "Disability Statistics in the United States." Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Disability Demographics and Statistics (StatsRRTC), www.disabilitystatistics.org. Posted April 4, 2005. Accessed July 14, 2005.

26. Disability Statistics Update: U.S. Labor Market Activity Rate/Disability The percentage of men and women, aged 18-64 with a work limitation in the United States who worked more than 52 hours in the prior calendar year from 1981 - 2004 Houtenville, Andrew J. 2005. "Disability Statistics in the United States." Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Disability Demographics and Statistics (StatsRRTC), www.disabilitystatistics.org. Posted April 4, 2005. Accessed July 14, 2005.

27. Disability Statistics Update: U.S. Income/Non-Disability The median household income among men and women without a work limitation in the United States from 1981 – 2004, adjusted for inflation to 2002 dollars Houtenville, Andrew J. 2005. "Disability Statistics in the United States." Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Disability Demographics and Statistics (StatsRRTC), www.disabilitystatistics.org. Posted April 4, 2005. Accessed July 14, 2005.

28. Disability Statistics Update: U.S. Income/Disability The median household income among men and women with a work limitation in the United States from 1981 – 2004, adjusted for inflation to 2002 dollars Houtenville, Andrew J. 2005. "Disability Statistics in the United States." Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Disability Demographics and Statistics (StatsRRTC), www.disabilitystatistics.org. Posted April 4, 2005. Accessed July 14, 2005.

29. Highlights from recent studies: What do we know about workplace discrimination and reaching employers?

30. Highlights from recent studies: • Performance comparisons • New JAN Study: Employers’ views • Customer-preference study • Diversity & disability • Creating organization-wide interventions: Wahlgreens, Medtronics & Cincinnatti Children’s Hospital • Job Retention

31. About Job Retention Research & Challenges

32. Tony . 30 min. Update: EEOC Data Use of logic model

33. Presentation Overview • Why an interest in EEOC and FEPA claims? • Trends over time in EEOC and FEPA ADA-related charges • Comparison to trends in other employment discrimination legislation • State-specific differences in the proportion of disability employment discrimination filings between EEOC and FEPA • Top five ADA issues and bases in EEOC and FEPA filings • Why state specific differences may be of importance • Implications for DBTAC information dissemination, technical assistance, and training

34. FEPA offices’ proportion of charges filed have increased over the ten years to almost half of all ADA-related charges

35. ADA-Related Charges—EEOC or FEPA EEOC FEPA Note: Charges in which the ADA is cited (other statutes may have been cited as well).

36. ADA-Related Charges—Percentage FEPA Note: Charges in which the ADA is cited (other statutes may have been cited as well).

37. These trends are not occurring in other employment discrimination-related claims filings

38. State-specific differences in where ADA claims are filed are significant

39. ADA-Related Charges—Percentage FEPA

40. ADA-Related Charges—Percentage FEPA Note: Charges in which the ADA is cited (other statutes may have been cited as well).

41. Top five ADA-related issues and bases across EEOC and FEPA-filed charges

42. ADA-Related Charges (1993-2003)Top 5 Issues

43. ADA-Related Charges (1995-2003)Top 7 Bases

44. Implications for DBTACs • Knowledge of state-specific disability nondiscrimination legislation • Knowledge of the respective state employment discrimination claims offices • Knowledge of how higher court rulings may impact where greater protections occur • Implications for technical assistance, information dissemination, and training

45. For Further Information • EEOC web site - http://www.eeoc.gov/stats/enforcement.html • Cornell University Employment and Disability Institute (EDI) – www.edi.cornell.edu • Cornell University Law School - http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/

46. Using logic models www.edi.cornell.edu A D V A N C I N G T H E W O R L D O F W O R K

47. A logic model is… • a simplified picture of a program, initiative, or intervention • showing logical relationships among the resources invested-->activities-->benefits/changes • indicating what to expect next • spelling out the program’s theory of change • a way to make things explicit

48. Why be explicit ? • If you don’t specify the goal you cannot reach it. • If you don’t know where you want to go, there is no way of knowing when you arrived. • If you don’t remember how you did it in the first place, there is no way to do it again.

49. Simple logic model: Outcomes INPUTS ACTIVITIES What is done What results What is invested Shows the logical relationships between: 1) The inputs, or resources that go into a program… 2) the activities the program undertakes and… 3) the outcomes, changes or benefits that result.

50. And, in summary… The question I would most like to see researched is…