Classical Greece

1. Classical Greece Chapter 5

2. Cultures of the Mountains and the SeaChapter 5:1

3. Vocabulary Mycenaean: Indo-Europeans who settled in the Greek mainland around 2000 B.C. Trojan War: 10 year war between Mycenaean and City-State of Troy. Epic: Narrative poems that celebrate heroic deeds

4. Geography Shapes Life • Mountainous Peninsula • 2,000 islands • Water • Aegean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Ionian Sea • Water served as Transportation System • Linked City States together • Skilled Sailors • Greece lacks Natural Resources!!! • Must trade for Timber, metals and farmland/food!

5. Greece: The Land and Climate • ¾ of Greece is Rugged, Rocky Mountains • Mountains divided Greece up into specific regions • Developed small individual communities/governments • Little fertile land and water (Small Population) • Varied Climate: • 48 Degrees in the Winter • 80 degrees in the Summer • Active lifestyle • Sports/Olympics

6. Mycenaean Civilization Develops • Mycenaeans • Indo-Europeans from the Eurasian Steppes • Leading City: Mycenae • Contact with the Minoans • Adopted the Minoan Writing system, Art,

7. The Trojan War • Mycenaean’s 10 year battle against Troy • Troy: An Independent trading city located in Anatolia • Greek army attacked because Trojan Prince kidnapped Helen “the beautiful wife of a Greek King” • English Class!! • The Trojan War: Video

8. Greek Culture Declines Under the Dorians • Dorians took over the Mycenaeans • weakened from battles • Lack history • No Writings • Homer: Blind Story Teller, Narrative Poems, • The Iliad • Achilles • Hector of Troy • Greek Myths • Love, hate, jealousy

9. Greek Gods • Zeus • Ruler of the Gods (Lived on Mount Olympus • Hera • Zeus’s Wife, Jealous all the time • Athena • Goddess of Wisdom: Zeus’s daughter and favorite child • Hades • Ruler of the Underworld • Name some other Gods?

10. Main Idea Questions: PG 126 What impact did nearness to the sea have on the development of Greece? What aspects of culture did the Mycenaean's adopt from the Minoans? Why were the epics of importance to the Greeks of the Dorian period?

11. Classical Greece The Warring States Chapter 5:2

12. Vocabulary Polis: City state Acropolis: Fortified hilltop, gathering for politics Aristocracy: Government ruled by small group of noble landowning families (rich families) Democracy: Rule by the people (direct democracy) Helot: Peasants force to stay on the land they worked Phalanx: Military formation (shield to shield) Persian Wars: Wars between Greece and the Persian Empire

13. Rule and Order in Greek City-States • Polis • City State “Fundamental political unit in ancient Greece” • Fewer than 10,000 People • Acropolis: Fortified hilltop, downtown area, trade area, meeting area for politics • Greek Political Styles: • Monarchy: Single person, King • Aristocracy: Government ruled by a small group of noble landowning families • Oligarchy: Government ruled by a few powerful people

14. Athens Builds a Limited Democracy • Idea of Representative Government • Democracy • Rule by the People. • In Athens, citizens participated directly in political decision making. • Draco • Developed Legal Code • No Citizen should own another citizen • Only free adult male property owners born in Athens were considered citizens. • Women, slaves, and foreigners were excluded from citizenship and had few rights

15. Athenian Education • Wealthy families sent children to schools • Reading, grammar, poetry, history, math, music, gym • Boys • Military Schools • Girls • Educated at home by mothers, Child-rearing, home skills.

17. This is….SPARTA • Sparta • Located Southern part of Greece • Military State

18. Sparta Builds a Military State Spartan Daily Life Sparta Government and Society • Most Powerful Military in Greece • No Individualism • Valued • Strength, duty, discipline • Served in Military till 60 • Men 7-30 years • “Come back with your shield or on it!” • Branches: • Assembly • Included everyone • The Council of Elders (5)

19. Spartan Childhood

20. The Persian Wars • Sparta and Athens Unites against the Persians • Shifted from Bronze weapons to Iron • Created The Phalanx Most Powerful fighting force in the Ancient World

22. Persian Wars • The Persian Wars: Battles between Greece and the Persian Empire • Ionian Greeks were invaded by Persians • Battle of Marathon • 25,000 Persians • 10,000 Athenians (Phalanxes) • 6,000 Persians vs. 200 Greeks died

23. Battle of Thermopylae • Battle of Thermopylae (The Real 300) • 300 Spartans 7,000 Greeks vs. Xerxes Army • Greeks stopped the Persian Advance for 3 days • Traitor informed the Persians of the “Secret Pass” • 300 Spartans stayed the rest fled • Xerxes’s Army/Navy defeated in Aegean Sea • Delian League (City States/ Greek Alliance)

24. Consequences of the Persian War • Athens became the leader of the Delian League • Moved the Delian League capital to Athens • Golden Age of Athens • Athens became the Center Piece for the Greek Civilization

25. Main Ideas How does an aristocracy differ from an oligarchy What contributions did Solon and Cleisthenes make to development of Athenian democracy How did Athens benefit from victory in the Persian War

26. Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age Chapter 5:3 Roots of Ancient Greece

27. Vocabulary Direct Democracy: A form of government in which citizens rule directly not through representatives Peloponnesian War: War between Athens and Sparta. Athens had a stronger Navy and Sparta had a stronger Army. Sparta wins. Classical Art: Art that shows ideal beauty. (Harmony, order, balance, proportion) Philosophers: Means “Lover of Wisdom” (Education) Socrates: Father of Philosophy, absolute standards for truth and justice. Examine themselves. Socratic Method (Question/Answer) Plato: Person with the greatest intelligence should be king. Found the Academy (oldest school). The Republic Aristotle: Developed the scientific method. Taught Alexander the Great

28. Pericles’ Plan for Athens • Golden Age of Athens (50 Years) 477-431 B.C. • Arts • Drama, Sculpture, Poetry, Philosophy, Architecture, and Science • Pericles • Leader of Athens • Politician, General, Inspiring Speaker • Three Goals • Strengthen Athenian Democracy • Strengthen Empire • Glorify Athens

29. Stronger Democracy • Paid Public Officials • Why is this important? • More citizens engaged in politics • Direct Democracy • A form of Gov. in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives. • How is this different from the United States?

30. Greece vs. United States (Pg. 134) United States • Citizens: born in U.S. or complete citizenship process • Reps. Elected to propose and vote on laws • Elected president • Executive branch made up of elected and appointed officials • Juries composed of 12 jurors • Defendants and plaintiffs have attorney; long appeals process Both • Political power exercised by citizens • Three branches of Gov. • Legislative Branch passes laws • Executive branch carries out laws • Judicial branch conducts trials with paid jurors Athens • Citizens: male 18 yrs. Born of citizen parents • Laws voted on and proposed directly by assembly of all citizens • Leader chosen by lot • Executive branch composed of a council of 500 men • Juries varied in size • No attorney; no appeals, one-day trails

31. Athens • Citizens • Male 18 yrs. Born of citizen parents • Laws voted on and proposed directly by assembly of all citizens • Leader chosen by majority • Executive branch composed of a council of 500 men • Juries varied in size • No attorney • No appeals, one-day trails

32. United States • Citizens: • Born in U.S. or complete citizenship process • Reps. Elected to propose and vote on laws • Elected president • Executive branch made up of elected and appointed officials • Juries composed of 12 jurors • Defendants and plaintiffs have attorney • Long appeals process

33. Both • Political power exercised by citizens • Three branches of Gov. • Legislative Branch passes laws • Executive branch carries out laws

34. Athenian Empire • Defeated Persians in The Persian Wars • Organized the Delian League • Athens's Navy the Strongest in the World!!! (Makes Sense) • At odds with Sparta • Similar to United States and Soviet Union after World War II

35. Glorifying Athens • Used money form the Delian League to Beautify Athens • Bought Gold Ivory and Marble • These resources went to “Beautifying” Athens

36. Glorious Art and Architecture The Parthenon The ParthenonThe Parthenon II 23,000 square feet Built to Honor Athena (Goddess of Wisdom and Protector of Athens) Sculptor Phidias Giant Statue of Athena (Gold, Ivory) 30 Feet Tall Faces showed no expression, Portray ideal Beauty Classical Art: Harmony, order, balance and proportion

37. The Parthenon

38. Drama and History • First Theaters • Civic duty for wealthy to pay for Theaters • Tragedy: Serious drama about common themes such as love, hate, war or betrayal • Hero’s tragic flaw • Comedy: A performance filled with slapstick situations and crude humor • Politics, People and Ideas • History: Thucydides First real historian • Must understand the past to know the future!!

39. Athenians and Spartans Go to War • “Cold War” Differences in ways of life • Peloponnesian War: • War between Athens and Sparta 431 B.C.- 404 B.C. • Athens had a stronger Navy • Sparta Stronger Army • Spartans burned the Athenian food supply • Sparta Wins • Plague swept through Athens • Syracuse is attacked (Sparta’s Friend) • Athens surrendered in 404 B.C.

40. Philosophers Search for Truth • War left Athenians lacking confidence in Democratic Government and they began to question their values • Philosophers • Lovers of Wisdom • Two Constant Ideas!! • The universe (Land, sky, and sea) is put together in an orderly way, and subject to absolute and unchanging laws • People can understand these laws through logic and reason • Sophists • Questioned ideas about justice and traditional values • Questioned Reality of “Gods”

41. Socrates • Question yourself and Moral Character • Marjory of citizens could not understand his ideas • 70 yrs • Corrupting Athens youth • Not worshiping the Gods • Died by drinking Hemlock

42. Plato • Student of Socrates • The Republic • vision of a perfectly governed society • Not a democracy • 3 groups of citizens • Farmers/ artisans, warriors and Ruling Class • Dominated European thinking for 1,500 yrs.

43. Aristotle • Question human beliefs, knowledge • Argued rules of logic • Psychology, Physics, Astronomy and Biology • Scientific Method • Famous Pupil • Alexander The Great • 3 years as his teacher

44. Main Idea Questions What were the battle strategies of Athens and Sparta in the Peloponnesian War? What steps did Pericles take to strengthen democracy in Athens? Why do you think some Athenians found the ideas of Socrates so disturbing?

45. Alexander’s Empire Chapter 5:4

46. Vocabulary Philip II: King of Macedonia, Alexander the Great’s Father Macedonia: Area located directly above Greece. Rough terrain and a cold climate. Mountain villages. Alexander the Great: Macedonian King who conquered Greece, Persia, Egypt and the Indus. Hellenistic Culture. Darius III: Persian King who fled Alexander the Great’s Army in Anatolia. Lost his empire to Alexander the Great

47. Big Idea: Alexander’s Empire • Alexander the Great Conquers Persia and Egypt • Extends his empire to the Indus River Valley (Northwest India) • Unites 4 Regions • India • Greece • Persia • Egypt

48. Alexander The Great Empire

50. Philip’s Army Philip Builds Macedonian Power Macedonia Macedonia Kingdom of Mountain Villages North of Greece King Philip II: Ruler, brilliant general; dreams of controlling Greece Macedonians: Call themselves Greek Rest of Greece does not Philip Creates well-trained professional army; plans to invade Greece