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Young Adulthood

10. Young Adulthood. Physical Development. Transition to Adulthood. Accepting responsibility for oneself Making independent decisions Becoming financially independent Cultural variations include : Israeli ’ s completing military service Korean support parents financially

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Young Adulthood

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  1. 10 Young Adulthood

  2. Physical Development

  3. Transition to Adulthood • Accepting responsibility for oneself • Making independent decisions • Becoming financially independent • Cultural variations include: • Israeli’s completing military service • Korean support parents financially • Traditional cultures focus on marriage

  4. Aging Begins • Changes in aging: • Graying hair—begins in young adulthood • Thinning hair • Skin becomes looser, wrinkles appear • Cholesterol and fat begin to accumulate • Immune system ages, reduction of T cells and B cells

  5. Overweight and Obesity • Weight gain caused by multiple factors: • Change in Basal metabolic rate • Genetics • Biology • Diet

  6. Overweight and Obesity • Countries with highest rates of obesity are wealthiest • Developing countries’ obesity rates are climbing • (Increase in Western type diet)

  7. Overweight and Obesity • Developed countries have higher obesity rates in lower SES groups • Obesity in developed countries impacted by diet and sedentary work

  8. Obesity Consequences • Obesity risks and outcomes: • High blood pressure • Diabetes • Sleep disorders • Ridicule • Discrimination

  9. Importance of Exercise • Exercise effects: • Healthy weight • Increased metabolic rate • Reduced risk of diseases and illness • Lower levels of anxiety • Lack of exercise may be caused by busy pace of modern life

  10. Cognitive Development

  11. Adult Intelligence • IQ scores and future success are moderately correlated • Lowest scores had work related problems • Highest scores did well in careers • Higher scores (140+) had fewer personal problems and greater occupation success • Different cultures may emphasize different things

  12. Cultural Concepts of Intelligence • Cultures vary on what constitutes intelligence • Chinese—intelligence includes humility • Zambia—emphasize cooperativeness • Sternberg’s practical intelligence may be more inclusive cross-culturally

  13. Cognitive Changes • Two aspects of cognitive development in young adulthood • Expertise—extensive knowledge and skill in a specific field • Exposure to a specific field allows problems to be addressed efficiently • Frontal lobe maturity promotes expertise

  14. Cognitive Changes • Creativity—putting new ideas together in creative ways • With expertise, able to go from problem solving to problem finding • Some rigidity can develop causing creativity to peak in young adulthood

  15. Emotional and Social Development

  16. Erikson • Intimacy versus isolation is central conflict • May occur after, at the same or before identity development • Gender differences in development

  17. Robert Sternberg • Robert Sternberg proposed different types of love based on 3 specific qualities • Passion—physical attraction and sexual desire • Intimacy—closeness and emotional attachment • Commitment—pledge to love over the long run • Combine to form 7 types of love

  18. Figure 10.1 Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love Three components, intimacy, passion, and commitment, are combined in various ways to form seven different types of love. Source: Sternberg (1988), p. 122

  19. Figure 10.2 Changes in Love • The quality that makes up these different loves follows a predictable trajectory

  20. Marriage • Marriage may exist for several reasons: • Uniting people to serve complementary gender roles • Reduces sexual competition • Necessary for the species • Variation between cultures in choice of marriage partners, economics and number of marriage partners

  21. Table 10.2 The Importance of Various Traits in Mate Selection Throughout the World Source: Based on Hatfield & Rapson (2005)

  22. Arranged Marriages • Romantic love may not be a basis for marriage for all cultures • Arranged marriages are an alliance between families with love developing after marriage • Commitment first and attachment second • Many traditional cultures are shifting from “arranged” to semi arranged

  23. Economics • Marriage includes economic transactions in many cultures: • Bride price—substantial gift of money or property from groom and kin to bride and her kin • Bride service—groom is obligated to work for the bride’s family for a time • Dowry—transfer of money or property from bride’s family to the groom

  24. Western Marital Roles • Western view of marriage strongly based on intimacy and sexual relationships • Focus on ideal mate could lead to marital dissatisfaction

  25. Western Marital Roles • Factors that predict marital satisfaction: • Realistic expectations • Shared interests • Shared roles and responsibilities • Shared power • Necessary to continually adjust

  26. Divorce • Marriage should provide emotional needs of love and intimacy • Expressive divorce can occur if marriage doesn’t provide self-fulfillment • Belief in self-fulfillment in marriage leads to high divorce rate in the U.S.

  27. Figure 10.3 Divorce Peaks in Young Adulthood Notice that the rise is steepest in the early years of marriage, reaching over 30% after 10 years, then continues at a less steep rate in the next 10 years to a cumulative risk of 50% after 20 years. Source: Based on Bramlett & Mosher (2001)

  28. Divorce • Causes of divorce include • Age at marriage—younger than 25 • Divorced parents • Socioeconomic status—conflict and stress over finances • Partner behavior—drinking or drug use, infidelity • Adjustments after divorce hardest in first 1–2 years

  29. Single Adults • Compared to married young adults it was thought being single led to • Increased mental health problems • Physical health problems • Substance abuse • Thorough analysis has shown all these negative effects were overblown

  30. Single Adults • Ethnic variations exist in singlehood • African Americans have higher rates of cohabitation than other groups • By age 40, 1/3 have never married • In Asian countries (urban) 1/3 of woman 30-34 are single • In Japan, single young adults are the happiest group

  31. Gay and Lesbian Partnerships • There are similarities between homosexual and heterosexual partnerships • Seek long term relationship • Seek out similar partners and have similar areas of conflict

  32. Gay and Lesbian Partnerships • Differences include • Gay couples tolerate sexual episodes more than lesbian or heterosexual couples • Higher sexual activity • Many differences are fading as acceptance increases

  33. Sexuality in Young Adulthood • Sexual peak occurs • Social acceptance • Implied pressure to have children • Western countries report sexual activity is less about children and more for intimacy • Men report more sexually motivated behaviors than women

  34. Becoming a Parent • Traditional countries • Becoming a parent is extremely important • Fertility is goal of a woman and men enjoy greater status • Developed countries • Parenting is a choice and may not be extremely important • Parents more likely to be on their own although there are ethnic group differences

  35. Parenting and Marital Relationship • Traditional cultures • Gender roles are well defined and parenting fits the roles • Developing countries • Gender roles less defined but women more likely to have household and childcare duties

  36. Single Parent • Single motherhood is higher now than 50 years ago • In U.S. there are ethnic and education differences

  37. Single Parent

  38. Single Parenthood • Many single mothers cohabitate with a father • May receive assistance from other family members • In some cases gay and lesbian couples who adopt are considered “single” parents • True single mothers may have lower income and increased stress

  39. Work • Developing occupational goals can occur through 5 stages (Super) • Crystallization—Beyond fantasizing and begin to seek information • Specification—Choices become more focused • Implantation—Completing education that began in previous stage • Stabilization—Establish career • Consolidation—Gain expertise and experience

  40. Influences on Occupational Goals • Choice of occupation is influenced by personality • John Holland describes six personality characteristics

  41. Table 10.4 Holland’s Theory

  42. Influences on Occupational Goals • Gender impacts occupational choices • Women overrepresented in service sector • Women also more likely to have lower status of a high status occupation

  43. Influences on Occupational Goals • Gender socialization and balancing work and family roles play a part • Women more likely to have to work and take time away to care for family than men

  44. Leisure Activities • Civic involvement goes up as young adults have children and become concerned • May also be impacted by business networking

  45. Leisure Activities • Television plays a role in leisure activities in young adulthood • There is a negative correlation between television watching and community involvement • Since television is not demanding it is attractive to engage in

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