Nutrient Cycles & Pollution Unit: Ecology K. Stacker

1. Nutrient Cycles & PollutionUnit: EcologyK. Stacker SB4: Assess the dependence of all organisms on one another and the flow of energy and matter within their ecosystems. Element b: Explain the flow of matter and energy through ecosystems by • Arranging components of a food chain according to energy flow • Comparing the quantity of energy in the steps of an energy pyramid • Explaining the need for cycling of major nutrients (C,O,H,N,P) Element e & f: relate plant and animal adaptations to survival Essential Question (s): • Why are nutrient cycles important? • Why is recycling necessary? • How do we contribute to pollution?

2. What to Do! When ever you see this symbol Be prepared to write. Copy Every Question & Answer

3. What materials are recycled in ecosystems and why? • Organic substances such as carbon atoms, found in all living organisms, are constantly recycled. • Inorganic substances like nitrogen, sulfur, calcium, and phosphorus which make up the soil, water, and air are also recycled to help maintain the health of ecosystems.

4. Biochemical Cycles WATER 5 STEPS CARBON 3 STEPS NITROGEN 6 STEPS

5. EvaporationTranspiration (Water loss from lakes..) (water loss from plant leaves) ↓ ↓ Condensation (gas changes to a liquid, & water vapor forms clouds) ↓ Precipitation (water returns to Earth as sleet, rain, snow..) ↓ Surface Runoff (returns water to bodies of water or to groundwater) Water Cycle 1 2 3 D A B E 4 C 5

6. Oxygen Cycle

7. Plant Leaves take CO2 from air ↓ Plants store C in carbs and starches (photosynthesis) ↓ Plants release O2. Humans & animals release CO2 back into the air (cellular respiration) ↓ Decomposers return C to environment (Decomposition) Carbon Cycle 1 2 3

8. Nitrogen Fixation ↓ Convert nitrogen gas intoammonia ↓ Ammonia converted tonitrates ↓ Plants absorb nitrates to make proteins ↓ Consumers eat plants (with protein) ↓ Decomposers break down dead consumers (organisms) & return nitrogen to air (calledammonification) ↓ Anaerobic bacteria in soil release nitrogen from nitrates into air (called denitrification) Nitrogen Cycle 1 2 3 4 5 6

9. What is Pollution? Pollution is a chemical or physical change in the air, water, or soil of an ecosystem that can be harmful to the biotic elements in an ecosystem. What are 3 forms of pollution? Three forms of pollution are solid (trash), liquid (chemicals, and gas (carbon monoxide)

10. What is the Impact of Human Activity? In your own words summarize the following statements to show how human activity affect the environment: • Earth’s natural resources are being depleted due to large amounts of consumption. • Wildlife habitats are being destroyed due to the clearing of vast areas of forests. • There is a shortage of fresh water due to agriculture, industrial processes, and energy production. • Our air, water, & soil are constantly being polluted • All aspects are in direct relation to population growth

11. What causes Pollution? Pollutants In your own words summarize the following statements about pollutants: • Undesired impurities that accumulate in the environment (air, water, soil). • Some are biodegradable, able to be decomposed by microorganism • Some are non-biodegradable and linger in the environment (hazardous chem. wastes-poisonous, radioactive, explosive). • Examples: pesticides, solid waste, sewage

12. What is the Greenhouse Effect? In your own words summarize the following statements: • Extraction of fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gases) through mining result in environmental damage • Carbon dioxide is a by-product of burning fuel. • The build-up of CO2 in the atmosphere results in the greenhouse effect, which traps radiation from the sun and heats the Earth • Severe climate changes occur.

13. What is Acid Rain? In your own words summarize the following statements: • Nitrogen and Sulfur oxides are also produced and emitted into the atmosphere with the use of fossil fuels. • This results in photochemical smog (smoke, gas, and fog) and acid rain (sulfur oxides and water vapor) • The aquatic ecosystems are affected by this change in pH levels

14. Who is Affected? Everyone! Plants Animals Functional Adaptations Water-limited environments Light limited environments Supportive Adaptations Defensive Adaptations Structural Adaptation Teeth Body Coverings Movement Protective Coloration (Camouflage) Mimicry Humans Plants Animals Behavior Adaptations Social Behavior Behavior for protection Migration Hibernation Reproductive Adaptations Annual Perennial Preventing self-fertilization

15. How Can We Help the Environment? Our Lifestyles Affect the Environment • Learn about the environment • Conserveenergy by walking, riding a bike, or taking public transportation • Recycle-Preserve our Resources • Create rich soil by making compost (leaves, grass, fruit peelings) • More Suggestions!

16. ABIOTIC FACTORS & NUTRIENT CYCLES

17. BIOLOGICALLY SPEAKING:ECOSYSTEMS AND CYCLES IN NATURE

18. STOP

19. Design Your Own EcosystemA-DAY DUE APRIL 1B-DAY DUE MARCH 31 Directions • Design and create an ecosystem. Your finished product may be an illustration or a 2-D or 3-D model. Include the following details: • Examples of an organisms, populations, communities, biotic & abiotic factors, a food web to illustrating energy flow, one of the three biochemical cycles, and appropriate labels for all. • Be prepared to present your diagram and discuss the niche of 3 of the organisms in your diagram.

21. 3rd Order Consumer Seagull: Omnivore Sun Bacteria: Decomposer 2nd Order Consumer Seal & Shark: Carnivore 2nd Order Consumer Large Fish: Carnivore Producers 1st Order Consumer Small Fish: Herbivore Identify the following in an Ecosystem: Organism, Population, Community, Abiotic Factors, & Biotic Factors. In a Food Web: Sun, Producers, Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores, Decomposers. Steps in a Biochemical Cycle