Compound and Derived Lipids

1. Compound and Derived Lipids

4. Compound Lipids They are esters of fatty acids with alcohols containing additional groups. • A. Phospholipids: Contain phosphate. 1. Glycerophospholipids: Alcohol is glycerol 2. Sphingophospholipids: Alcohol is sphingosine. • B.Glycolipids (glycosphingolipids): Contain carbohydrate. • C. Lipoproteins: Contain proteins. • D. Sulpholipids: Contain sulphates.

5. A. Phospholipids PolarHead Glycerol Fatty Acid Tails Hydrophilic Hydrophobic

6. Phospholipids Polar group

7. PhospholipidBilayer

8. 1. Glycerophospholipids Glycerophospholipidsare: • The most abundant lipids in cell membranes. • Composed of glycerol, two fatty acids, phosphate and an amino alcohol. Fatty acid Glycerol Fatty acid PO4 Amino alcohol

9. Polarity of Glycerophospholipids A glycerophospholipid has polar and nonpolar regions.

10. Lecithin and Cephalin Lecithin and cephalin are glycerophospholipids: • Abundant in brain and nerve tissues. • Found in egg yolk, wheat germ, and yeast.

12. 2. Sphingolipids • Sphingolipids are phospholipids that have an amide bond between a fatty acid and sphingosine, an 18-carbon alcohol.

13. B. Glycolipids (glycosphingolipids) • Glycosphingolipids (cerebrosides and gangliosides): Contain monosaccharides bonded to the –OH of sphingosine by a glycosidic bond. • Cerebrosides: Contain only one monosaccharide. • Gangliosides: Contain two or more monosaccharides.

14. Cerebrosides

15. Gangliosides • Gangliosides are similar to cerebrosides, but contain two or more monosaccharides.

16. C. Lipoproteins • Combine lipids with proteins and phospholipids. • Are soluble in water because the surface consists of polar lipids.

17. Types of Lipoproteins Lipoproteins: • Differ in density, composition, and function. • Include low-density lipoprotein (LDLs) and high-density lipoprotein (HDLs).

18. Transport of Lipoproteins in the Body

19. Lipid Profile • Lipid profile includes: 1)Total lipids 2)Triglycerides 3) Cholesterol 4) HDL 5) LDL • These tests must be carried out after 12-15 hrs. fasting due the high molecular weight of lipid molecules and the prolonged digestion and metabolism.

20. Lipid Diseases (Lipidoses) • In many lipid diseases, the deficiency of an enzyme causes the accumulation of glycolipids.

21. Derived LipidsSteroids Steroidsare Lipids containing the steroid nucleus, which is a fused structure of four rings. Found in cholesterol, bile salts, hormones, and vitamin D. steroid nucleus

22. Steroids • Complex ring forms • Some hormones • Cholesterol • Natural substance • Found in membranes • Gives membranes natural flexibility

23. Estradiol Testosterone Steroids Cholesterol

24. Cholesterol • The most abundant steroid in the body. • Contains 27 carbon atoms. • At C3 there is an –OH group; so it is an alcohol. • Composed of the steroid nucleus with methyl groups, an alkyl chain, and a hydroxyl group attached. • Precursor for adrenal corticosteroids, vitamin D and bile acids

25. Cholesterol in Foods Cholesterol: • Is considered elevated if plasma cholesterol exceeds 200-220 mg/dL. • Is synthesized in the liver and obtained from foods. 100 g 1 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 100 g 1 tablespoon 1 cup 1 cup 1 tablespoon

26. Bile Salts • Are synthesized from cholesterol and stored in the gall bladder. • Emulsify fats and oils to give a greater surface area for lipid digesting enzymes.

27. Steroid Hormones Steroid hormones: • Are produced from cholesterol. • Include sex hormones such as androgens (testosterone) in males and estrogens (estradiol) in females

28. Estradiol Testosterone

29. Adrenal Corticosteroids Steroid hormones called adrenal corticosteroids: • Are produced by the adrenal glands located on the top of each kidney. • Include aldosterone, which regulates electrolytes and water balance by the kidneys. • Include cortisone, a glucocorticoid, which increases blood glucose level and stimulates the synthesis of glycogen in the liver.

30. Adrenal Corticosteroids

31. Micelles Molecules having both hydrophilic (polar) and hydrophobic (non polar) parts are described as amphipathic (eg phospholipids, sphingolipids, bile salts. They arrange themselves in a spherical form in aqueous solutions.

32. Micelles

33. A Composite Cell • Major parts include: • Nucleus • Cytoplasm • Cell membrane Phospholipid bilayer Flagellum Nucleus Chromatin Nuclear envelope Ribosomes Nucleolus Cell membrane Basal body Microtubules Rough Endoplasmic reticulum Centrioles Mitochondrion Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum Microvilli Secretory vesicles Cilia Golgi apparatus Microtubule Microtubules ysosomes L

34. Cell Membranes Cell membranes: • Separate cellular contents from the external environment. • Consist of a lipid bilayer made of two rows of phospholipids. • Have an inner portion made of the nonpolar tails of phospholipids with the polar heads at the outer and inner surfaces.

35. Cell Membrane Extracellular side of membrane Fibrous protein Glycolipid Carbohydrate Glycoprotein Double layer of Phospholipid molecules Hydrophobic fatty acid “tail” Globular protein Cholesterol molecules Hydrophilic Phosphate “head” Cytoplasmic side of membrane

36. “Heads” of phospholipid “Tails” of phospholipid Cell membrane Cell membrane

37. Fluid Mosaic Model of Cell Membranes • The lipid bilayer contains proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol. • The unsaturated fatty acids make cell membranes fluid-like rather than rigid. • Proteins and carbohydrates on the outer surface communicate with hormones and neurotransmitters.

38. Transport Through Cell Membranes • Diffusion (passive transport) moves particles from a higher to a lower concentration. • Facilitated transportuses protein channels to increase the rate of diffusion. • Active transportmoves ions against a concentration gradient.