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WHAT IS

CASE STUDY AND CRITICISM IN URBAN DESIGN (PUBLIC SPACE). Presentation by Prof. Dr. Chunxia Yang Lecture 1. WHAT IS. PUBLIC SPACE. PUBLIC SPACE. WHAT IS PUBLIC SPACE. THE NARROW DEFINITION.

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WHAT IS

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  1. CASE STUDY AND CRITICISM IN URBAN DESIGN (PUBLIC SPACE) Presentation by Prof. Dr. Chunxia Yang Lecture 1 WHAT IS PUBLIC SPACE

  2. PUBLIC SPACE

  3. WHAT IS PUBLIC SPACE

  4. THE NARROW DEFINITION Public space relates to all those parts of the built and natural environment where the public has free access. It encompasses: all the streets, squares and other rights of way, whether predominantly in residential, commercial or community/civic uses; the open spaces and parks; and the “public/private” spaces where public access is unrestricted (at least during daylight hours. It includes the interfaces with key internal and external and private spaces to which the public normally has free access. ——Matthew Carmona, Claudio de Magalhães and Leo Hammond 《Public space: the management dimension》, 2008

  5. The gated community only have access for residents The waterfront seems to serve all people

  6. WHY STUDY ON PUBLIC SPACE

  7. A growing awareness of the value of public space In the UK, former Prime Minister Tony Blair marked a decisive shift in national policy by calling for cleaner and safer streets

  8. A growing awareness of the value of public space Some countries are constructing more public spaces for pedestrians In Copenhagen, over the past forty years, a total of 100,000 m2 once devoted to motorised traffic have been converted to traffic-free city space for pedestrians. Now 80% of the movement through the city center is foot traffic. Plaza (Kultorvet) Pedestrian street (Stroget) Harbor (Nyhavn)

  9. A growing awareness of the value of public space Some countries are constructing more public spaces for pedestrians Public space has a strong relationship with people’s life concerts speakers rallies sunbath protests yoga workshops memorials bazaars markets festivals ceremonies

  10. THE VALUE OF PUBLIC SPACE

  11. ECONOMICAL HEALTHY THE VALUE OF PUBLIC SPACE SOCIAL ENVIRON- MENTAL

  12. ECONOMICALLY • can have a positive impact on property prices – research suggests variously between 5 per cent (Colin Buchanan and Partners 2007), 8 per cent (Luttik 2000) and 15 per cent ( Peiser and Schwann 1993) or even up to 34 per cent in some circumstances (CAVE 2005) • is good for business – boosting commercial trading by 40 per cent in one case (DoE and ATCM 1997) • raises land value and levels of investment (Luther and Gruehin 2001; Philips 2000) • helps boost regional economic performance (Frontier Economics 2004) Tai Ping Qiao District, Shanghai

  13. FOR HUMAN HEALTH • can encourage exercise with associated health benefits – for example reducing the risk of heart attack, diabetes, colon cancer and bone fractures (Hakim 1999 et al.) • can influence a longer life (Takano et al. 2002) • provides a space for formal and informal sports and games (Woolley 2003) • reduces stress and enhances mental health (Hartig et al. 2003; Halpern 1995) • enhances child health – for example helping parents manage children with attention deficit disorder (Taylor et al. 2001)

  14. SOCIALLY Political events Commercial events • dilivers learning benefits to children, creative play, and reduces absenteeism (Fjortoft 2001; Taylor et al. 1998 • nurtures social and cognitive skills (Pellegrini and Blatchford 1993) • can help to reduce incidents of crime and anti-social behavior (Mckay 1998) • Promotes neighbourliness and social cohesion (Baulkwill 2002) • provides a venue for social events (Schuster 1995) and social interchange (Mean and Tims 2005) • Reduces child mortality – by avoiding car-dominated environments (Living Streets 2001)

  15. ENVIRONMENTALLY • can encourage the use of sustainable modes of transport (Gehl and Gemzøe 1996; 2000) • Improves air quality, reduces heat island effects, pollution and water run-off (Littlefair et al. 2000; Whitford et al. 2001; Shashua-Bar and Hoffman 2000; Upmanis 2000) • creates opportunities for urban wildlife to flourish (Shoard 2003) Century Park, Shanghai East Tidelands of Chongming Island, Shanghai

  16. PUBLIC SPACE CHARACTER

  17. Sad: Vietnam Veteran Memorial, DC Pleasant: Piazza San Marco, Venice

  18. ELEMENTS CONTEXTS PUBLIC SPACE CHARACTER QUA-LITIES

  19. ELEMENTS Buildings Infrastructure Landscape Uses Walls Structure Windows Entrances/exists Balconies Shopfronts Signage Building lighting Floodlighting Artwork Decoration Canopies Colonnades Skyline Corners Flags/banners Monuments Trees Planting beds Lawns and verges Planters Paving Road surfaces Traffic calming Steps Boundary walls Fountains Public art Signage Advertising Street furniture Bollards Shelters Festive decorations Events Gatherings Street entertainment Street trading Markets External eating Kiosks play grounds Parks Sports facilities Retail uses Leisure uses Community uses Homes Workplaces Industrial uses tourism Roads and cycle lanes Bus stops/shelters Tram/bus lanes Road signage Telegraph polls Telecommunications Equipment Street lighting Telematics Parking bays Public toilets Waste bins CCTV polls Telephone boxes Gutters/drainage Utilities boxes Underground services Servicing bays

  20. Performing place Market place Exercise place Diagnosis place

  21. QUALITIES Squares – Whyte (1980) Squares should be in a good location Streets should be part of the “social” space The space should be level or almost level with the pavement There should be places to sit Moveable seats facilitated choice and opportunity to communicate character and personality Moveable seats

  22. QUALITIES Squares – Whyte (1980) Squares should be in a good location Streets should be part of the “social” space The space should be level or almost level with the pavement There should be places to sit Moveable seats facilitated choice and opportunity to communicate character and personality Parks – MORI (2000) Streets – The Audit Commission (2002) Safety Cleanliness Tidiness Access for all Provision for dogs Pleasant Attractive Well designed Free from danger pollution and noise Functional Litter free Not repeatedly dug up Diverse, to cater for all needs – peaceful and lively, business and play

  23. CONTEXTS Relative urbanity: High density urban Medium density urban Suburban Rural Relative sensitivity: Conservation area Ecologically sensitive area Regeneration area Non-designated area Contexts Major land-use category: Residential area Town city center Local center Retail park Office/science park Industrial area Park/open space Socio-economic context: High income Medium income Low income Specialist category: Waterfront Transport interchange Derelict site

  24. CLASSIFYING PUBLIC SPACE

  25. BY MEANS OF CONTROL – Van Melik et al. (2007) • Secured public space • Themed public space BY HOW USERS ENGAGE WITH SPACE – Dines and Cattell (2006) • Everyday places • Places of meaning • Social environments • Places of retreat • Negative spaces BY FORM – Zucker’s (1959) • Closed space • Dominated space • Nuclear space • Grouped space • Amorphous space

  26. BY FUNCTION --Carr et al. (1992) • Public parks • Squares and plazas • Memorials • Markets • Streets • Playgrounds • Community open spaces • Greenways and parkways • Atrium/ indoor market spaces 10. Found spaces/ everyday spaces 11. waterfronts

  27. World Trade Center Memorial, Newyork BY FUNCTION -- Carr et al. (1992) • Public parks • Squares and plazas • Memorials • Markets • Streets • Playgrounds • Community open spaces • Greenways and parkways • Atrium/ indoor market spaces 10. Found spaces/ everyday spaces 11. waterfronts

  28. BY FUNCTION -- Carr et al. (1992) Waterfront community, Hamburg Community, Vancouver • Public parks • Squares and plazas • Memorials • Markets • Streets • Playgrounds • Community open spaces • Greenways and parkways • Atrium/ indoor market spaces 10. Found spaces/ everyday spaces 11. waterfronts

  29. BY FUNCTION -- Carr et al. (1992) • Public parks • Squares and plazas • Memorials • Markets • Streets • Playgrounds • Community open spaces • Greenways and parkways • Atrium/ indoor market spaces 10. Found spaces/ everyday spaces 11. waterfronts BCE Place, Toronto

  30. BY FUNCTION -- Carr et al. (1992) Ponte Rialto, Venice (outside) • Public parks • Squares and plazas • Memorials • Markets • Streets • Playgrounds • Community open spaces • Greenways and parkways • Atrium/ indoor market spaces 10. Found spaces/ everyday spaces 11. waterfronts Ponte Rialto , Venice (inside)

  31. BY FUNCTION --Carr et al. (1992) • Public parks • Squares and plazas • Memorials • Markets • Streets • Playgrounds • Community open spaces • Greenways and parkways • Atrium/ indoor market spaces 10. Found spaces/ everyday spaces 11. waterfronts

  32. BY FUNCTION --Carr et al. (1992) CASE STUDIES • Public parks • Squares and plazas • Memorials • Markets • Streets • Playgrounds • Community open spaces • Greenways and parkways • Atrium/ indoor market spaces 10. Found spaces/ everyday spaces 11. waterfronts

  33. THANK YOU!

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