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The Responsible Use of Alcohol

The Responsible Use of Alcohol. Chapter 10. Chemistry of Alcohol. Psychoactive ingredient Depressant Ethyl Alcohol – only alcohol that can be consumed Beer 3-6% alcohol by volume Malt Liquors 6-8% alcohol by volume Table wines 9-14% alcohol by volume Fermenting

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The Responsible Use of Alcohol

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  1. The Responsible Use of Alcohol Chapter 10

  2. Chemistry of Alcohol • Psychoactive ingredient • Depressant • Ethyl Alcohol – only alcohol that can be consumed • Beer 3-6% alcohol by volume • Malt Liquors 6-8% alcohol by volume • Table wines 9-14% alcohol by volume • Fermenting • Fortified wines 20% alcohol by volume • Sugar added • Extra alcohol is added • Hard liquors 35-50% alcohol by volume • Distilling or fermented • Proof Value • Two times the percentage concentration • Ingestion • 7calories per gram • 1 drink 14-17 grams or 100-120 calories

  3. Absorption • 20% is rapidly absorbed from the stomach • 75% is absorbed in the upper small intestines • Remain is absorbed along the GI track • Absorption • Carbonation • Food in the stomach slows the absorption • Drink of high concentration slows absorption • Eventually all the alcohol ingested will be absorbed

  4. Metabolism and Excretion • Transported throughout the body via the bloodstream. • Easily moves through most biological membranes • Main site for metabolism is the Liver. • 2-20% of ingested alcohol is not metabolized.

  5. Alcohol Intake and Blood Alcohol Concentration • Blood Alcohol Concentration(BAC) • A measure of intoxication • Body weight • Percentage of body fat • Sex • Balance of alcohol absorbed and rate of metabolism • Genetic factors • Drinking Behavior • Can not be effected by • Exercise • Breathing deeply • Eating • Drinking coffee • Taking other drugs • Metabolism is the same if the person is awake or asleep

  6. The Immediate Effects of Alcohol on Health • Dependant on the individual. • Low Concentrations .03% -.05%. • Higher Concentrations 0.1% -0.2%. • Concentration of .35% and higher. • Alcohol hangover • Alcohol poisoning • Using Alcohol with other drugs

  7. Drinking and Driving • In 2004 • 250,000 were injured in alcohol related automobile crashes • 42,000 people are killed in alcohol related accidents • Dose-response function • Driving with a BAC of 0.14% is more than 40 times more likely to be involved in a crash. • Greater than 0.14% the risk of fatal crash is estimated to be 380 times higher.

  8. Figure 10.2 Approximate blood concentration and body weight

  9. The Effects of Chronic Use • Diseases of the digestive, cardiovascular systems and some cancers • Digestive system • Liver function • liver cell damage and destruction (cirrhosis) • Cirrhosis causes drinker to lose Tolerance • Pancreas inflammation • Cardiovascular system • moderate doses may reduce the risk of HD • Higher doses elevates BP, may weaken heart muscle or cardiac myopathy. • Cancer • Mouth, throat, larynx, and esophagus • 5-6 total drinks • Responsible for the most common form of liver cancer • Hepatitis speeds the growth of this cancer • Breast cancer • Increase risk when 2-3 drinks per day • Brain Damage • Cognitive impairments • Memory loss, dementia, and compromised problem-solving • Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome • Mortality • Alcoholics average life expectancy is about 15 years less than non-alcoholics

  10. The Effects of Alcohol use During Pregnancy • Effects are dose-related. • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) • Full-blown FAS occurs in up to 15 out of every 10,000 live births in the U.S. • Under weight, flat nasal bridge, and long upper lip. • Small and have heart defects. • Physical and mental growth is slowed. Remain mentally impaired. Fine motor skill problems, coordination, learning and behavioral problems (ADS). • ARND Alcohol-related neurodevelopment disorder. • Heavier drinking early in pregnancy.

  11. Possible Health Benefits of Alcohol • Abstainers and light to moderate drinkers live longer than heavy users. • 35 years old and younger, your odds of dying increase in proportion to the amount consumed • Moderate drinking = one drink per day for women and two drinks per day for men. • May lower coronary heart disease. • Raising blood levels of HDL. • May lower risks of; diabetes, arterial blockages, Alzheimer’s

  12. Alcohol Abuse and Dependence • Alcohol abuse is recurrent use that has negative consequences. • Alcohol dependence or Alcoholism more extensive problems, tolerance and withdrawal • Warning signs of alcohol abuse • Drinking alone • Using deliberately and repeatedly • Feeling uncomfortable on certain occasions • Escalating consumption • Getting drunk regularly • Drinking in the morning or unusual times

  13. Alcohol Abuse and Dependence • Binge Drinking • The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism defines: • Pattern of alcohol use that brings a person’s BAC up to 0.08 or above (typically four drinks for a male or three for a women)within two hours. • National Survey on Drug Use and Health defines: • Having five drinks in row for a man or four in a row for a women within two hours. • Frequent binge drinking in college were three to seven times more likely than non-binge drinkers to engage in unplanned or unprotected sex • Healthy People 2010 • Reduce the rate of binge drinking to 20% among college students

  14. Table 10-2 The Effects of Binge Drinking on College Students

  15. Alcoholism • Patterns and Prevalence • Regular daily intake of large amounts • Regular heavy drinking limited to weekends • Long periods of sobriety interspersed with binges or daily heavy drinking • Heavy drinking limited to periods of stress • Health Effects • DTs (delirium tremens) • paranoia • Social and Psychological effects • Causes of Alcoholism

  16. Treatment Programs • Not one program works for everyone. • AA. • 12-step program • Al-Anon. • Employee Assistance. • Inpatient hospital rehabilitation • Pharmacological treatments. • Disulfiram (Antabuse) • Inhibits the metabolic breakdown • Naltrexone (ReVia, Depade) • Reduces the craving for alcohol and decreases its pleasant effects. • Injectable Naltrexone (Vivtrol) – single monthly shot • Acamprosate (Campral) • Acts on brain pathways related to alcohol abuse.

  17. Gender and Ethnic Differences • Men • White American men • “Other men” • Women • African Americans • Latinos • Asian Americans • American Indians and Alaska Natives • Helping Someone with an Alcohol Problem

  18. Table 10.4 Users and Abusers of Alcohol in the U.S.: 2007

  19. Drinking Behavior and Responsibility • Thinking about the environment. • Examine your drinking behavior. • CAGE screening test • Drink Moderately and responsibly • Drink slowly • Space your drinks • Eat before and while drinking • Know your limits and your drinks

  20. Promote Responsible Drinking In Others • Encourage responsible attitudes • Be a responsible host • Hold the drinker responsible • Learn about prevention programs • Take community action

  21. The Responsible Use of Alcohol Chapter 10

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