EMPLOYEE HEALTH AND ERGONOMICS

1. EMPLOYEE HEALTH AND ERGONOMICS

2. Admin • Study guides and Study Books available at one-stop office at entrance to the Dept. Time : 09h00 – 15h00 • Lecturer main campus : Prof.H.Brand –Room 3-97, EMS building (Dept.HRM) Nursing group : Ms N.Mamathuba Room 3-84, EMS building (Dept.HRM) • Semester Test - 27 August – written format : multiple choice and written questions. • Scope : Study units 1 - 9

3. Introduction

4. Employee Health • 7 out of 10 UK companies do not see employees’ health as their responsibility. • More than 4 out of 10 employers reported having struggled with key members of staff being absent for long periods of time, causing wide-spread disruption, morale problems and financial loss. • According to HR directors the major health problems affecting workers are stress, back problems and depression – all issues that can be caused or exacerbated by the working environment

5. Impact on “Bottom Line” • 4th March 2008 – National Initiative for Service Excellence – cost of absenteeism $400 million per year. • This does not take into account lost productivity, lost sales opportunities, reduced product or service quality. • Survey in US determined that 72 cents out of every dollar of costs related to employee absence stems from lost productivity. • Total costs could equate up to 18% of payroll.

6. Issues for Organisations • Loss of man-hours • Low employee morale • Resentment by ‘non-sick’ workers – have to do other employees’ work • Law-suits • ‘Presenteeism’ • The disease of Mobility

7. Physical Well-being • Positive and productive employees result in more satisfied customers, and more satisfied customers result in a more profitable business. • Part of Social Responsibility. • Important management area. • “Employee Health” implies both the safety and the health of employees.

8. Employee Safety

9. Organisational responsibility • Safety measures required by law. • Responsibility of the organization. • Protective clothing • Appropriate safety measures for machines • Adequate instruction • Prompt and appropriate response in case of emergencies.

10. Employee responsibility • Compliance with safety measures • Awareness of possible dangerous situations • Adequate maintenance of own equipment

11. Safety Hazards in the Workplace ?????

12. Study unit 1 EMPLOYEE HEALTH

13. Employee Health Many people spend so much time watching their health, they don’t have time to enjoy it! Josh Billings

14. Importance of Organizational and employee health • A healthy worker is a happy worker, is a productive worker • This result in a profitable and a successful organization and good client service • Organizations has a responsibility to ensure that their people are functioning in a safe environment • Employees need to adhere to safety rules set

15. Health Risks • Health risks indicate the characteristics of the work situation that cause employees to be sick in both physical and psychical (emotional) regard • Not as clearly detectable as safety risks • Legislation therefore focuses on safety risks

16. Health Hazards • Substances • Vapours, liquids, fumes, solvents, dust • Environments • Noise, vibration, radiation, temperature, humidity, ventilation, light • Job design • Control, stress, bullying, insecurity, harassment, violence, discrimination • Welfare • Facilities, cleanliness, falls, slips, trips, scalds, burns, lifting, reaching • Work patterns • Overtime, long hours, piecework, shifts, rest breaks, rush jobs

17. Sick Building Syndrome • SBS - sick building syndrome caused by: • Poor indoor air quality • Chemical contamination • Microbiological contamination

18. Symptoms • Headaches • Mental fatigue (trouble concentrating) • Irritability • Lethargy • Tiredness, feeling drowsy • Feeling dizzy • Feeling sick • Breathing difficulties • Dry or sore throat • Blocked sinuses • Dry or itchy skin, skin rash • Cold or flu-like symptoms • Aching muscles, stiff joints

19. Study Unit 2 Mental /Psychical Health in the Organization / Workplace pp 13 - 17

20. Psychical / Mental Health • World of work comprises of two components: People & Technology • Physical health and safety receives adequate attention, mental health is neglected. • Demands of modern world result in emotional problems being almost more prevalent in the workplace than physical hazards. • Physical illness is readily accepted, not so mental illness.

21. Psychical / Mental Health • Insufficient attention because: • It is difficult to identify • Organisation denies responsibility • Ignorance / prejudice

22. Employee behaviour • Employees are an asset to the organisation in that they assist in the attainment of goals • Abnormal behaviour can result in employees being a limiting factor rather than an asset • Human resource practitioner must manage this behaviour to prevent negative effects on the organisation

23. Mental Health: Definition • It can be described as a state in which the person/employee is well-adapted to the realities and demands of his existence, he has an accurate perception of and contact with reality and he can adapt successfullyto the pressures and frustrations of his life. Pg 13

24. Criteria for effective employee behavior: • Healthy interpersonal relationships • Effective communication • Healthy morale • Emotional maturity • Ability to think and act independently • Healthy sense of responsibility • Effective self-assertiveness • Healthy self-image

25. Role of the Human Resources Manager: • Diagnostic (identify) and therapeutic (managerial) function • Identify and effectively manage the problematic side of employee behavior • Therefore important to have knowledge of all the important aspects of mental health: • Normal and abnormal behavior • Causes • Symptoms • How to identify& deal with abnormal behavior • Identifying the role of the organization as causative factor

26. Business is a Human organisation, made or broken by its People Peter Drucker

27. Study Unit 3 Field of Psychopathology p.18

28. Primitive Man

29. History of Psychopathology • Concept of mental illness is not new. • Emotional disturbances and personality disorders have been recognised, in one form or another, since the beginning of recorded history. • Among the earliest men, little attention was paid to illness of any kind, physical or mental. The elderly, the handicapped, the invalids the misfits and the maladjusted were killed off or left to die of exposure.

30. History continued… • Animism (thought it was evil spirits) • Naturalism & Classical Period • Hippocrates (460-367 BC) • Four elements – represented by a Humour • Mental illness = result of imbalance in bodily fluids • Plato – intervention of the gods • Galen (139-200 A.D.) Greek Physician, treated medically, physically and morally.

31. History of Psychopathology • Madness and the Middle ages • Preoccupation with magic, sorcery, satanism and witchcraft. • Mental conditions were regarded as signs that the victims were possessed by devils or demons, not as illness. • In the 13th century, man’s intellect seems to have started reawakening. • Medical Schools established in Salerno, Paris, Padua, Oxford, Naples, Cambridge, Lisbon • 17th century philosopher, Descartes, held dualistic view of man (psyche & soma) – resulted in specialisation in mental disease.

32. Psychopathology

33. Definition: Psychopathology is the theory of diseases which manifest as diseases of the psyche.

34. Criteria for measuring Behaviour: • A.H. Buss: • Discomfort • Bizarreness • Insufficiency • Maslow & Mittelman: • Particular symptoms & physical complaints • Unhappiness • Decreased productivity & social contact • Excessive defence mechanisms

35. Most Common Approaches to Psychopathology • Diagnostic Approach • Descriptive Approach • Etiological Approach • Therapeutic Approach

36. The Diagnostic Approach • Involves the identification and categorization of disease or abnormality • Related to the medical method which endeavours to determine and describe categories in such a manner that it could be utilised to diagnose and treat individual cases • Moves into the applied problems of medical psychology

37. The Descriptive Approach • Deals largely with the signs or symptoms of the various conditions; • Interest is focussed on the types of personality disorganization; • This approach is designed to bring order and meaningfulness to a vast number of seemingly unrelated symptoms

38. The Etiological Approach • Concerned with the causes of mental illness • 3 major sets of etiological factors: • Organic conditions (physiogenic/somatogenic) • Psychological conditions (psychogenic) • Cultural conditions (sociogenic)

39. The Therapeutic Approach • Concerned with the treatment of various forms of personality disorganization • 2 Major forms of treatment: • Psychodynamic therapy; medical specialty – uses drugs, shock therapy, brain surgery, controlled fevers, etc. • Psychotherapy; psychological methods, suggestion, emotional support, various forms of learning, non-conscious mental activity

40. Study Unit 4 Normal and Abnormal Behaviour p23

41. Everyone is strange Save thee and me, And sometimes I think Thee a bit strange, too Quaker Proverb

42. “You can know the name of a bird in all the languages of the world, but when you’re finished, you’ll know absolutely nothing whatever about the bird……so let’s look at the bird and see what it is doing – that’s what counts. I learned very early the difference between knowing the name of something and knowing something” Richard Feynman, Physicist and Nobel Prize laureate

43. Depression Substance abuse Paranoia

44. HOW TO DISTINGUISH?? • Border is vague • Concepts of normal and abnormal are not qualities possessed by a person • These concepts are abstractions and not measurable dimensions • Normality and abnormality can be determined only through the use of value judgments • Not very open to scientific verification • “abnormal” is an emotionally loaded word, loses scientific usefulness

45. HOW TO DISTINGUISH?? • Degree differences • So-called “normal” people also exhibit “abnormal behaviour, but there is a difference in degree. • Behaviour can be presented on a continuum • Descriptions – vague & open to interpretation

46. Aspects to be considered • Note healthy possibilities and potential • Same symptoms – different meanings • “Healthy” and “sick” behaviour exhibited by everyone • Prognosis should be considered • Link circumstances

47. ATTEMPTED DEFINITIONS • ROMANO: The healthy person is a person who is reasonably free from undue pain, discomfort and disability. • SODDY: A healthy person answers to life without too much exertion • WCMH: Mental health is that state which allows the individual optimal development in physical, intellectual and emotional respect in as far as it is compatible to other individuals.

48. CHARACTERISTICS OF HEALTH • Maslow: • Adequate feelings of safety • Sufficient self-valuation • Sufficient spontaneity and emotionality • Adequate contact with reality • Normal physical desires and freedom to control and satisfy them • Sufficient self-knowledge • Adequate purpose in life

49. Van der Schoot: • An adequate measure of integrating ability • Possibility to freely use mental abilities • Reasonable measure of harmonious emotional life • Ability to meet common life demands without too much effort • To feel bound to spiritual values

50. 4.4 MODELS OF NORMAL PERSONALITY