Glands of the internal secretion

1. Glandsoftheinternalsecretion

2. Organism – the single whole • Organism – the system of the organs • Integration – control • The nervous system • The endocrine system • The immune system

3. Endocrine glands • -these are the organs which consist of the specific glandular cells, which were specialized in the formation and the release of special biological active materials into the internal medium of the organism- the hormones, which participate in regulation and integration of the functions of organism.

5. MORPHOFUNCTIONAL SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS • excretory duct is absent • produce their secretion into the blood or lymph • the enormous functional value of gland have the small sizes • have abundant blood network from several sources, since hormones enter the blood • capillaries have specific structure - sinusoids(extended capillaries, whose endocrine wall directly adjoins to the epithelial cells of gland) • manufacture hormones in extremely small quantities, but the biological activity of the latter is sufficiently great • rich vegetative innervation

6. Specific features of the hormones • Hormones, because of the small molecular dimension, it is sufficiently easily for them to penetrate through the wall of capillaries into the blood stream • Distant action • The direct effect of hormones on the tissue is achieved at the cellular and subcellular levels of membranes by making more active intracellular ferments • Generalizing action • The action of hormones is strictly specific • Hormones possess high biological activity and renders action in very low concentrations

7. Properties of the hormones • Selectivity of the action • Cells of the target • Receptor • No individual specificity • Action • Is slow • Is prolonged • Generalizing action

9. Functions of the hormones: • 1) to guarantee growth and development of organism; • 2) to guarantee adaptation of organism to the constantly changing conditions of medium; • 3) to guarantee homeostasis.

10. Classification of hormones according to chemical composition • Amino acids • Peptides and proteins • Fatty acids • Steroids

11. Regulation of the hormonal activity • Metabolites in the blood • Presence of hormones in the blood • Nervous system

12. Hormones act on: • Membranes of the cells Organelles of the cells • Genes

13. Hypothalamus • Control over the glands of the internal secretion • The homeostasis • The behavioral reports • Liberins (releasing factors) • somatoliberin and others • Statins (inhibiting factors) • Somatostatin and others • Hypothalamic-hypophyseal system • Ways of the hormones • In the axons of the nerve cells • In the blood vessels

14. Hypothalamus Corticoliberin Front portion of the hypophysis ACTH Adrenal cortex Hydrocortisone Liver Glucose Glycogen

15. Classification of the endocrine glands • 1) Branchiogenic group a) thyroid gland • b) parathyroid glands • c) thymus gland • 2) Entodermal gland a) pancreas • 3) Mesodermal group • a) testes • b) ovary • c) cortex of the suprarenal gland • 4)Ectodermal glands of epinephrine system • a) medulla of the adrenal gland • b) paraganglia • 5) Neurogenic group • a) hypophysis • б) hypothalamus • c) epiphysis • APUD – system • Endothelium

16. Thyroid gland • Topography • Structure (to 30 g) • Hormones • thyroxine • triiodtyronine • calcitonin

17. Thyroidgland • Regulation of carbohydrate, protein, fat and mineral metabolisms. • The speed of metabolism is regulated. • The processes of growth, development and differentiation of tissues of organism are regulated. • Render the influence on the nervous system, genital glands, heart. • They stimulate the regeneration of tissues and gas exchange

18. Hyperfunction, hypofunction of the thyroid gland

19. Parathyroid gland • Topography • Structure (0.2 g) • Hormones • Parathyroid hormone • Thyrocalcitonin

20. Thymus • Structure (to 40 g) • Topography

21. Functions of the thymus: • Hormones: thymosin, thymic humoral factor, thymic factor, thymopoietin • Participate in the formation of the lymphocytes • Activatelymphopoiesis • Achieves the protective and adaptive reactions of organism • Promote the differentiation of lymphocytes in T lymphocytes (thymus-dependant) • Control of the exchange of Ca²+ and carbohydrate metabolism • Control of the neuromuscular transfer of the impulses • Retard the aging process

22. Thepancreas • Topography • Structure (to 80 g) • Hormones • Insulin • Glucagon • Lipocaine • Somatostatin

23. The functions of hormones • Insulin: • reduces the content of sugar in the blood • increases the synthesis of proteins and fats • prevents the formation of carbohydrates • strengthens the permeability of cellular membranes for the glucose • Glucagon: • increases glucose level in the blood • stimulates through the ferments splitting of glycogen to glucose in the liver • splitting fat with the formation of heat • Lipocaine: • activates the oxidation of the fatty acids • it possesses lipotropic action • Somatostatin – inhibits insulin secretion

24. Hyperfunction of insulin • Hypoglycemia • Hypoglycemic coma • Hypofunction of insulin • Diabetes mellitus • Hyperglycemic coma Islet of Langerhans

25. Diabetes Mellitus

26. Genital glands • Testes • The topography • The structure (to 30 g) • The hormones • Androgens • testosterone • androsterone • dehydrotestosterone • Estrogens • estradiol • estrone • Inhibin

27. Genital glands • Ovaries • The topography • The structure (to 30 grams) • The hormones • Estrogens • Estradiol, estrone, estriol • Progesteron • Inhibin • Relaxin HIRSUTISM

29. Adrenal glands • Topography • Structure (to 20 g) • Hormones • Medulla • Epinephrine • Norepinephrine • Cortex • Glomerular zone • Aldosterone • Mineralocorticoids • Fascicular zone • The glucocorticoids • Reticular zone • The genital hormones • The androgens • The estrogens • The progesterone

30. Epinephrine: • - increases exchange of substances in the organism, acting on the intracellular processes • -strengthens the disintegration of glycogen in the liver, the muscles and the entering of sugar into the blood • - simultaneously increases the output of fat from the adipose tissue and its oxidation • - quickening and strengthening the contractions of the heart • -increases the conductivity of the heart muscle • -it constricts the small vessels of the skin, internal organs, muscles, and as consequence increases the arterial pressure • - reduces the tone of the smooth musculature of respiratory, digestive and secretory systems, musculature of the coronary arteries of heart and brain • - excites CNS

31. Glucocorticoids (cortisone, cortizol, corticosterone) • - the regulation of the protein and carbohydrate metabolisms • - increase the fat metabolism • - antipyretic hormones (reduction in the permeability of capillaries, the decrease of exudation, reduction in the shielding properties of the blood, the formation of striae) Cushing’s syndrome

32. Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone, corticosterone, deoxycorticosterone) • It is secreted by the glomerular zone of cortex • They influence mineral and aqueous exchanges • Maintain sodium and phosphate balance • With the insufficiency of the adrenal cortex appears Addison's (bronze) disease - the skin acquires bronze color (thin, it is receptive to the infection)

33. Addison’s disease • Cachexia • Pigmentation in the palmar creases, elbows, gums, buccal mucosa • Postural hypotension

34. Hypophysis • Topography • Structure (0,7 grams) • 3 portions • Hormones • The anteriorlobe • STH, ACTH, TTH, GTH, FSH, LH, LTH • The posterior lobe – the neurohypophysis • Vasopressin, oxytocin • The intermediate part • Intermedin

35. Somatotropin • Acromegaly: • Large supraorbital ridge – frontal bossing • Thickened lips • Enlarged tongue • Separated teeth • Prognathism (“pro” – forwards, “gnathos” - jaw) • Pituitary dwarfism • Gigantism

36. Epiphysis(0.2 g) • Topography • Structure • Hormone • Melatonin • Pigment exchange • Daily rhythms • Development and the differentiation of the cells • Sexual function • Retina • Synthesis of neuropeptides • “Anovulin” • “K-factor”

37. Paraganglia • Interrenal system • Chromaffin system • aortal corpuscles (in the arch of the aorta) • coccygeal bodies • carotidcorpuscle • pulmonary corpuscle

38. APUD - system Regulation of functions at the regionallevel, for example: Endomorfin • Substance P • Serotonin • Melatonin • Histamine • Gastrin • Secretin • a total of more than 50 • Regulation of the painful sensitivity • Biorhythms • Sleep • Instruction • Memory • Behavior, etc.