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Sponges

Sponges. Jason Buchheim. Jason Buchheim. Introduction. Phylum Porifera “pore bearer” Aquatic and mostly marine Sessile Body can be stony, rubbery, or gelatinous Size range: few millimeters to five meters Radially symmetric or asymmetrical. Structure.

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Sponges

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  1. Sponges Odyssey Expeditions - Sponges

  2. Jason Buchheim Jason Buchheim Introduction • Phylum Porifera “pore bearer” • Aquatic and mostly marine • Sessile • Body can be stony, rubbery, or gelatinous • Size range: few millimeters to five meters • Radially symmetric or asymmetrical Odyssey Expeditions - Sponges

  3. Structure • Simplest form resembles a tube closed at the attached end and open at the other. • Outer surface is called the pinacoderm (made up of pinacocyte cells) • Pinacoderm has many porocytes (pores) which allow water to enter the sponge wall. • The atrium opens to the outside through the osculum (large opening at top) Odyssey Expeditions - Sponges

  4. Structure Odyssey Expeditions - Sponges

  5. Structure • Beneath the pinacoderm is the mesohyl (gelatinous matrix that contains support structures and amoebocytes) • Body supported by calcareous or siliceous spicules (needle, rod, star shaped) and/or spongin fibers • Atrium wall consists of choanocytes which create a flow of water through the sponge by beating their flagella • As water flows in the amoebocytes pick up and distributes nutrients to the sponge. Odyssey Expeditions - Sponges

  6. Spicule Structure Spongin Odyssey Expeditions - Sponges

  7. Feeding • Water flow created by choanocytes • Water enters porocyte • Nutrients picked up by amoebocytes • Waste products deposited in water flow • Water enters atrium • Flow carries waste materials and water out the osculum Odyssey Expeditions - Sponges

  8. Choanocyte Feeding Odyssey Expeditions - Sponges

  9. ParenchymellaLarvae Amphiblastula Larvae Reproduction • Many can regenerate • Asexual and sexual reproduction • Asexual by fragmentation and budding • Sexual: Hermaphroditic • Most fertilization is external • Larvae is free swimming and attaches to a suitable hard surface after a few hours to several days later (two types) • Changes into a sponge Odyssey Expeditions - Sponges

  10. Releasing gametes Reproduction Odyssey Expeditions - Sponges

  11. Economic • Harvested for bath sponges • Anticancer biochemicals Odyssey Expeditions - Sponges

  12. Body Types • Asconoid (simplest) • Syconoid • Leuconoid (most complex) • Body wall folding is the main difference between body types • Body folding increases surface area: • Increases choanocyte layer and reduces the amount of water needed to filter • Increased turbulance puts more food in contact with amoebocytes • Enables the sponge to grow large because of the added nutrition Odyssey Expeditions - Sponges

  13. Asconoid • Simplest in form • Cylindrical in shape • No body wall folding Odyssey Expeditions - Sponges

  14. Flagellated chamber Syconoid • More complex than asconoid • Mostly cylindrical in shape • Some body wall folding • Increase # of choanocytes Odyssey Expeditions - Sponges

  15. Leuconoid • Most complex • Varied in shape • Extreme body wall folding • Greatly increases # of choanocytes Odyssey Expeditions - Sponges

  16. Sponge Classes • Class Calcarea • Class Hexactinellida • Class Demospongiae Odyssey Expeditions - Sponges

  17. Class Calcarea • Spicules composed of calcium carbonate • No spongin • Entirely marine • Usually found in shallow water • All three body types • Typically less than 10 cm in height Odyssey Expeditions - Sponges

  18. Calcarea Odyssey Expeditions - Sponges

  19. Class Hexactinellida • Called glass sponges • Siliceous spicules • Most symmetrical looking sponges • Cup, vase, or urn-like in shape • 10-30cm in height • Inhabit deep water: 200m to 1000m • Dominant sponge in the arctic • Leuconoid body type Odyssey Expeditions - Sponges

  20. NOAA NOAA NOAA Hexactinellida Odyssey Expeditions - Sponges

  21. Siliceous spicules and/or spongin fibers Most are marine, FW sponges belong to this class 90% of sponges Leuconoid body type Inhabit shallow to deep water Irregular in shape Bath sponges belong in this class Class Demospongiae Odyssey Expeditions - Sponges

  22. Jason Buchheim Demospongiae Odyssey Expeditions - Sponges

  23. The End Odyssey Expeditions - Sponges

  24. Resources • Barnes, Robert D. and Edward Ruppert. Invertebrate Zoology: Sixth Edition. Fort Worth: Saunders College Publishing, 1994 • BIODIDAC: A Bank of Digital Resources For Teaching Biology. 20 Dec. 2006. <http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/> • Kinsella, John, Drew Richardson and Bob Wohlers. Life on an Ocean Planet. California: Current Publishing Corp., 2006 • Taylor, Walter K. and Robert L. Wallace. Invertebrate Zoology: A Laboratory Manual Sixth Edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2002 Odyssey Expeditions - Sponges

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