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Superpowers Face Off

Superpowers Face Off. U.S.S.R. USA. vs. The Cold War [1945-1991]: An Ideological Struggle. Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations [“Iron Curtain”]. US & the Western Democracies. GOAL  “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world. [ George Kennan ].

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Superpowers Face Off

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  1. Superpowers Face Off U.S.S.R USA vs.

  2. The Cold War [1945-1991]: An Ideological Struggle Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations[“Iron Curtain”] US & the Western Democracies GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.[George Kennan] GOAL spread world-wide Communism METHODOLOGIES: • Espionage [KGB vs. CIA] • Arms Race [nuclear escalation] • Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt.] • Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

  3. The Cold War Defined • A continuing state of tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union • It is called “cold” because there was no actual physical conflict between the two nations

  4. Russian History of Invasion • France (Napoleon) 350,000 Russians killed • Germany (WWI) 5 million Russians killed Total deaths of WWI- 16 million • Germany (WWII) 30 million Russians killed *Japan 2 million, Germany 7 million killed Total deaths of WWII- 60-70 million Stalin wanted a Buffer Zone against future attacks What is a Buffer Zone? Was he Justified?

  5. Development of the Cold War • Iron Curtain-figure of speech by Churchill describing line separating free and communist Europe • “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in many cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow. “

  6. NATO-North Atlantic Treaty Organization Free nations pledged support to each other if attacked by communism SEATO-Southeast Asia Treaty Organization Stop the spread of communism in Southeast Asia, following Korean War Warsaw Pact Included Soviet Union and it’s seven satellite nations Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Germany (East) Hungary Poland Romania Cold War Alliances

  7. Buffer Zone

  8. What is this political cartoon communicating?

  9. United States Response to Communism • George Keenan comes up with the containment policy (keep communism where it is, do not let it spread) • Truman Doctrine: We will help countries at risk of becoming communist • Marshall Plan: Sent $13 billion to Western European nations • Berlin Airlift: Soviets close Berlin; US flies in supplies to the people for nearly 1 year, flying 280,000 flights in and out of Berlin

  10. Divided into four zones West Germany was democratic and free (American, English, French) East Germany communist controlled by the USSR Families were literally torn apart by the division of Germany and Berlin Division of Germany

  11. Space Race Competition for space 1957 - Soviet’s launch Sputnik U.S. starts NASA Use of Spy satellite equipment 1958 - U.S. sent Explorer 1969 - American man lands on Moon Cold War Heats Up

  12. Fall of the Berlin Wall, 1990 • Triggered by flood of refugees flowing east to west through Hungary • Wall came down Nov. 1990; Germany began reunification process

  13. Collapse of the Soviet Union • Stalin’s successors • Nikita Kruschev 1956-1964 – hard line commie • Leonid Brezhnev 1964-1982 • Practiced a policy of détente ( lessening of tensions) with the U.S. • Characterized by • Arms control talks • Cultural exchanges • Trade agreements

  14. The Fall of the Soviet Union Causes • Leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev • Glasnost-openness to democracy • Perestroika-reshaping of economy • Economic movements • Freedom Movements Effects • Formation of Commonwealth of Independent States • Loss of role as superpower • End of Cold War • Economic Hardship • Minority Revolts and ethnic conflicts Fall of Soviet Union

  15. Break-up of Soviet Union, 1991 • 1989- Poland breaks away from Soviet Union • Solidarity - movement that called for economic and political change led by Lech Walesa • Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania left USSR 1991 • USSR dissolved Dec. 1991 • Commonwealth of Independent States, led by Russia under Boris Yeltsin • Economic, religious, and crime problems

  16. Collapse of Yugoslavia and Civil War • Yugoslavia created after WWI • 6 Major National Groups • Croats- Roman Catholic • Slovenes- Roman Catholic • Serbs- Eastern Orthodox • Montenegrins- Eastern Orthodox • Macedonians – Eastern Orthodox • Bosnians - Muslims

  17. Civil War • At independence Serbs in Bosnia used force to remove all non-Serbs • Ethnic Cleansing-removal or killing of ethnic group • Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosevic led campaign to remove non-Serbs • NATO used Military Campaign against Milosevic

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