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Mastering Maps and Photos: Essential Elements and Techniques

Learn about map elements like scale, legend, and coordinate systems. Understand contour lines, aerial photos, and geological maps with detailed explanations and examples.

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Mastering Maps and Photos: Essential Elements and Techniques

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  1. Maps and photos - Chapter 8 • All maps have common elements • Scale • Legend • Coordinate system • Orientation info

  2. Scales • Verbal- words used to convey map distance / real world distance equivalencies • e.g., one inch equals four thousand feet • Graphic- usually a bar or line with calibration marks that indicate map distance real / world distance equivalencies • Fractional - the numeric unitless ratio of map distance real world distance equivalencies 1:40,000

  3. Legend- a window that shows all the symbols used on the map, commonly includes scale, title, and orientation inforamtion

  4. Coordinate systems Latitude Longitude- based on 360 degree circle coordinate system with Equator and Prime meridian as the index lines Commonly given as decimal degrees (38.6466° N, 98.3456° W), degrees with decimal minutes (38° 36.32’ N, 98° 18.2’ W) or degrees minutes and seconds (38° 36’ 18” N, 98° 18’ 12” W) North South

  5. Coordinate systems UTM- a coordinate system based on a 1000 meter grid with the center of of each zone as the alignment point of the grid cells UTM coordinates might read 16 S 0455680 E 4268326 N

  6. Coordinate systems Township Range a coordinate system based on a numeric grid

  7. Topographic maps Contour lines represent vertical elevation with reference to sea level (zero elevation) they are isometric lines of what ever they are representing, in our case elevation Contour intervals are 5, 10, 20, 50 or 100 foot intervals Index contours are labeled and thicker Contour lines never cross or touch They “V” when they cross a stream channel, with the point of the “V” in the upstream direction They can create closed shapes on the map can represent either a hill or a depression Frequently used to make topographic profiles

  8. Aerial Photos Frequently need to know the scale on stereo photos Must compare to map with known scale Photo distance (mm) = Real distance as determined from map (Km)

  9. Geological maps Usually indicated by numerous colors used to identify various geological units systems groups formations members Contacts are indicated by lines with varying degrees of certainty by solid or dashed lines Also indicate location of geological structures faults folds intrusions dikes and sills

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