Human Geography By James Rubenstein

1. Human GeographyBy James Rubenstein • Chapter 7 • Key Issue 1 • Where Are Ethnicities Distributed? S. Mathews

2. Ethnicity is a source of pride to people, a link to the experiences of ancestors and to cultural traditions. S. Mathews

3. Ethnicity • The identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth. • From the Greek word ethnikos, which means national. S. Mathews

4. Distribution of Ethnicities in the U.S. • African-Americans about 13% • Hispanics (Latinos) about 13% • Asian-Americans about 4% • American Indian about 1% S. Mathews

5. Clustering of Ethnicities • Occurs at two scales . . . • Particular regions of the country, and . . . • Particular neighborhoods within cities. S. Mathews

6. African-Americans • Clustered in the Southeast. • At least 1/4th of the population in Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and South Carolina. • 1/3rd in Mississippi. • 9 states have fewer than 1%. S. Mathews

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8. Hispanic or Hispanic-American • Label chosen in 1973, because it was inoffensive and could be applied to all people from Spanish-speaking countries. • Some of Latin-American descent have adopted the term Latino instead. S. Mathews

9. Hispanics • Clustered in four Southwest states. • Most Hispanics identify with a more specific ethnic or national origin. S. Mathews

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11. Asian-Americans • Clustered in the West. • 4% of the U.S. population. • Largest concentration in Hawaii. • ½ live in California. S. Mathews

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13. Asian Origin • 25% are Chinese. • 20% Filipinos. • 12% each of Japanese, Asian Indians, and Vietnamese. S. Mathews

14. American Indians and Alaska Natives • 1% of the U.S. population. • Most numerous in the Southwest and the Plains states. S. Mathews

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16. Concentration of Ethnicities in Cities • About 1/4th of all Americans live in cities • More than 1/2 of African-Americans live in cities. • African-Americans comprise 3/4th of the population in the city of Detroit and only 1/20th in the rest of Michigan. S. Mathews

17. The distribution of Hispanics is similar to that of African-Americans in large northern cities. S. Mathews

18. Clustering in Neighborhoods • During the 20th century the descendents of European immigrants moved out of inner-city neighborhoods. • Ethnic concentrations in U.S. cities increasingly consist of African-Americans, Latin Americans and Asians. S. Mathews

19. In Los Angeles, the major ethnic groups are clustered in different areas. S. Mathews

20. Ethnic Distribution in Chicago S. Mathews

21. For descendents of European immigrants, ethnic identity is more likely to be retained through religion, food, and other cultural traditions rather than through location of residence. S. Mathews

22. Distribution of major African-American migration within U.S. • 18th century immigration from Africa • Migration to northern cities during 1st half of the 20th century • Migration from inner-city ghettos to other urban neighborhoods in the second half of the 20th century S. Mathews

23. Forced Migration • Most African Americans are descendants of slaves. • First African slaves arrived in 1619. • The British shipped about 400,000 Africans to the colonies during the 1700s. • Another 250,000 arrived illegally after 1808. S. Mathews

24. Slavery in Europe • Slavery was widespread in Rome. • In the Middle Ages, slavery was replaced by a feudal system. • In a response to a shortage of labor, Europeans spread the practice of slavery to the Western Hemisphere. S. Mathews

25. Forced Migration • Coastal Africans captured members of other groups living farther inland in Africa and sold the captives to Europeans. • Fewer than 5% of the slaves ended up in the U.S. • European countries adopted the triangular slave trade. S. Mathews

26. Forced Migration S. Mathews

27. Triangular Slave Trade • From Europe to Africa ships carried cloth to purchase the slaves. • Slaves and gold were transported to the Caribbean islands. • Sugar and molasses from the Caribbean islands was carried to Europe. S. Mathews

28. A rectangular pattern occurred when molasses from the Caribbean was shipped to the North American colonies for rum to be transported to Europe. S. Mathews

29. TriangularAnd Rectangular Slave Trade S. Mathews

30. Diagram of a Slave Ship that transported Africans to the Americas. S. Mathews

31. Slavery in the Colonies • In the 13 colonies, most of the large cotton and tobacco plantations in need of labor were located in the South. • Attitudes toward slavery dominated U.S. politics during the 19th century. S. Mathews

32. End of Slavery • The Civil War (1861-1865) was fought to prevent 11 pro-slavery southern states from seceding from the Union. • Freed as slaves, most African-Americans remained in the rural South during the late 19th century working as sharecroppers. S. Mathews

33. Sharecropper • Works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent turning over to the landowner a share of the crops. S. Mathews

34. A Thirteen Year Old Sharecropper S. Mathews

35. Sharecropper System • The system burdened poor African-Americans with high interest rates and heavy debts. • Sharecroppers were forced, the by landowners, to plant extensive areas of crops such as cotton that could be sold for cash. S. Mathews

36. Immigration to the North • The decline in cotton and introduction of farm machinery reduced demand for sharecropping in the early 20th century. • As sharecroppers were being pushed off the farms, they were being pulled to the prospect of jobs in the industrial North. • Migration occurred along several clearly defined channels. S. Mathews

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38. Northern Migration African-Americans migrated along the major two-lane e U.S. roads in two main waves. -The first in the 1910s and 1920s before and after World War I -The second in the 1940s and 1950s before and after World War II. S. Mathews

39. Expansion of the Ghetto • Upon reaching the big cities, African-Americans clustered in neighborhoods where small numbers who had arrived in the 19th century were already living. • Areas became known as ghettos. • African-Americans moved from the tight ghettos into immediately adjacent neighborhoods during the 1950s and 1960s. S. Mathews

40. Expansion of African American ghetto in Baltimore, Maryland S. Mathews

41. Race • The identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor. • Comes from a middle-French word for generation. S. Mathews

42. Ethnicity • The identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth. • From the Greek word ethnikos, which means national. S. Mathews

43. Race and ethnicity are often confused. S. Mathews

44. Three Prominent Ethnic Groups in the U.S. • Asian and Asian-American • African-American and black. • Hispanic or Latino. S. Mathews

45. Asian as a race and Asian-American as an ethnicity encompass basically the same group. Ethnicity lumps together people from many different countries. S. Mathews

46. African-American and black are different groups. Some American blacks trace their cultural heritage to regions other than Africa, including Latin America, Asia, or Pacific islands. S. Mathews

47. Hispanic or Latino is not considered a race. • On U.S. Census, Hispanic or Latinos may pick any race they wish. S. Mathews

48. Biological Features • Genetically transmitted from parents to children • Highly variable making prejudged classification meaningless. • Distinct genetic racial features vanished when the first human crossed a river or climbed a hill. • At worst, biological classification by race is the basis for racism. S. Mathews

49. Racism The belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that . . . racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race. S. Mathews

50. Racist A person who subscribes to the beliefs in racism. S. Mathews