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Chapter 1: Introduction to Science

Chapter 1: Introduction to Science. 1.1 The Nature of Science 1.2 The Way Science Works 1.3 Organizing Data. Vocabulary. Scientific Notation Precision Significant figures Accuracy. Line Graphs. Line Graphs: best for showing data that changes

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Chapter 1: Introduction to Science

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  1. Chapter 1: Introduction to Science 1.1 The Nature of Science 1.2 The Way Science Works 1.3 Organizing Data

  2. Vocabulary • Scientific Notation • Precision • Significant figures • Accuracy

  3. Line Graphs • Line Graphs: best for showing data that changes • x-axis: independent variable (bottom of graph) • y-axis: dependent variable (side of graph)

  4. Bar Graphs • Bar Graphs: useful for comparing data for several individual items • Makes large or small differences in data very clear

  5. Pie Chart • Pie Chart:useful for displaying data that are parts of a whole • Add up to 1 or 100%

  6. Parts of a Graph • Title of Graph • Label axis/pie chart • UNITS! • All data • Zero (on line and bar graphs) • Set up EQUAL divisions

  7. Analyzing Data from Graphs • Outliers: data that is abnormally high or low • Unusual or rare data • Mean: the average (add up all data points and divide by total number of data points)

  8. Analyzing Data from Graphs • Median: number in the middle when data is displayed from least to greatest • Mode: the data that shows up the most often

  9. Significant Figures (aka “sig figs”) • Rules for Sig Figs: • Non-zero digits are ALWAYS significant • Any zeros between sig figs ARE significant • A final zero or trailing zero in the decimal portion ONLY are significant

  10. Sig Fig Examples • How many sig figs are in each number? • 3.0800 • 0.00418 • 7.09 x 10-5 • 91,600 • 0.003005 • 3.200 x 109 • 250 • 780,000,000 • 0.0101 • 0.00800

  11. Significant Figures in calculations: • When you +, -, ×, or ÷, your answer should only be as precise as the least precise measurement in the calculation

  12. Sig Figs • Example: A gummy bear has the dimensions of 1.34 cm long, 0.82 cm wide, and 1.0 cm high. Find the volume of the gummy bear with the correct # of sig figs. (Remember: V = l × w × h)

  13. Scientific Notation • Why? So scientists can easily express numbers that are very large or very small. • What? A simple number (1 or greater AND less than 10) multiplied by a power of 10 • Examples: • 6.24 × 106 • 2.1 × 10-2

  14. Scientific Notation • How? • Using original number, move decimal so that the number is one or greater and less than 10. • Count how many places the decimal was moved.

  15. Scientific Notation • If the number you started with is greater than 1, the exponent is POSITIVE • If the number you started with is less than 1, the exponent is NEGATIVE • Scientific notation can be reversed to write the number in standard form again.

  16. Accuracy vs. Precision • Accuracy: how close a measurement is to the true value • Precision: how exact a measurement is

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