Chapter 2

1. Chapter 2 Early People: Migration and Adaptation

2. The Earliest People • What are some of your family stories? • Oral Tradition: Kansas or Kaw Creation Story: • A. The Kaw nation lived on an island that was too small for them • B. Because of this, Kaw mothers prayed to the Great Spirit • C. Beavers, muskrats, turtles sent to make island bigger • D. In time, the earth became large and plants and animals thrived • Artifacts tell the story of migration, adaptation, and technological change.

3. Relative Dating • Orders things in relation to others • Artifacts found closer to the surface are younger, deeper objects are older • Principle of Super Position

4. Absolute Dating • Done through scientific study of artifacts • Radiocarbon dating for organic materials • Archeologist assume the relationship between the artifacts and infer their meaning to see what life was like

5. Migration • Big Game Hunters • Used domesticated dogs for work • Migrated from the north when glaciers pushed south • Why would the Big Game Hunters need to migrate south?

6. Adaptation • What are some effects of climate change? • Change was very slow so people had time to adapt • Some plants and animals did not change adapt and become extinct • What are the ways Native Americans adapted to their environments?

7. Technology • How do we get new technology? • New ideas from people from the east • Pottery improved cooking and food storage • Bow and arrows made atlatl’s unnecessary • Grew food • Boiling stones • How do you think these new technologies affected population growth?

8. Village Farmers • 800 years ago Native Americans began living in permanent villages all over Kansas • Located on bluffs overlooking water • Villages had 2-20 structures • Houses • Built with poles buried in ground • Clay walls • Thatched roofs

9. Village Farmers • Cultivated corn, beans, squash, pumpkins, and sunflower seeds • Also ate fish, buffalo, and wild plants • Had storage pits for surplus • Tools made from stones, bones, and shells • Traded with people (shells from gulf of Mexico found)

10. Buffalo • Tipi- Homes during buffalo hunts • Bison= Scientific name for buffalo • Considered a giver of life with great spiritual power • Why is the buffalo a giver of life?

11. Where’s the Money • Barter- trading items • For this to work both parties must agree to value of goods being traded. • What items do you think would be traded?

12. Historic Tribes • What do you think a historic tribe is? • Means we have written documents as evidence about their lives. • Began just a few hundred years ago when Francisco de Coronado explored the area. • Horses • From Spanish in the southwest • Replaced dogs as work animals • Some tribes called them “big dogs”

13. Historic Tribes Cont. • Lived in large family units (tribes) • Wichita, Kansa, Osage, Pawnee, and Plains Apache (direct descendants) • Comanche, Kiowa, and Kiowa-Apache (migrated) • Did not speak the same language • Had different styles of clothing • Ate differently • Different Art • All lived in Great Plains • See Chart on p.33

14. Wichita and Pawnee • Migrated from Arkansas and Louisiana to Platte River in Nebraska, then split into 2 groups • Homes • Wichita built beehive shaped homes (p.36) • Covered with leaves from willows and cottonwoods • Entered through low doorways on east and west side

15. Wichita and Pawnee Cont. • Homes Cont. • Pawnee • Round homes covered in earth • Looked much like the Wichita homes up until the earth was used • Community effort with help of neighbors to build • Enter through tunnel like entrances that were big enough for stable horses in winter

16. Wichita and Pawnee Cont. • Tipi (temporary) • Hunted buffalo year round • Made 2 extended buffalo hunts with family because buffalo migrated in herds • Crops • Corn, Squash, and pumpkins • Cut in strips and dried for preservation • Flattened and woven into mats • For stew pieces of the mats were torn off • Wichita traded squash and pumpkins for buffalo meat

17. Wichita and Pawnee Cont. • Clothing • Tanned animal skins • Women • Moccasins, leggings, and skirts (protection from tall grass) • Men (Wichita) • Pierced ears • Tattoos (men and women) • 1st on hand when boys learn to hunt • Men (Pawnee) • Removed all hair but a narrow strip on top • War drums decorated with symbols of celestial powers

18. Kansa Osage • Migrated from South east forests • Homes • Kansa- permanent longhouses covered in bark • Osage- long wood-framed lodges covered by cattail stems, bark, hides, or woven grass mats • 2 related families lived together (each had their own end)

19. Kansa and Osage Cont. • Crops • Corn, beans, and squash • Also hunted buffalo and large animals • Osage did not use tipi’s • Had permanent wood structures built a day’s travel apart and took hide coverings from structure to structure

20. Kansa and Osage Cont. • Clothing • Kansa (men) • Plucked hair from their eyebrows, chins, arms, and heads • Wore ornaments in their pierced ears • Warriors wore bear claws around neck • Osage (men) • Shaved heads (except a narrow strip from forehead to neck) • Wore ornaments in their pierced ears • Wore bracelets and tattooed their bodies for certain ceremonies • Women • Colorful tattoo patterns

21. Nomadic Tribes • Scarcity of some resources in western Kansas forced tribes to be nomadic • Homes • Relied on the tipi • Transported tipi on a frame called travois • Highly decorated

22. Nomadic Tribes Cont. • Clothing • Used hides • Kiowa- decorated clothing in elk teeth, bone, shells, and porcupine quills • Comanche women- painted inside of ears read. • Orange and red circles with red and yellow lines on their cheeks • Arapaho women- painted and scented hair • Carried face paint and porcupine tail brushes in fringe bags

23. Nomadic Tribes Cont. • Telling Stories and Keeping Records • Kept on hides and painted war stories, hunts, calendars, and other important events

24. Interaction and Trade • Trade between tribe usually dealt with food • Conflict began as populations grew in Kansas • Pawnee- engaged in long conflicts with Osage and Kansa • Cheyenne and Arapaho forced Kiowa and Kiowa-Apache south • Kiowa and Comanche raided Mexico • Then Europeans and Americans entered Kansas