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Projects of the next decade:

Alternative Detection Methods for Highest Energy Neutrinos Possibilities – Timescales - Competition Rolf Nahnhauer, DESY. Projects of the next decade:.  observe > 10 events/year from GZK  flux  V eff ≥ 50 km 3  target material: water, ice, salt, rock?

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Projects of the next decade:

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  1. Alternative Detection Methods for Highest Energy NeutrinosPossibilities – Timescales - Competition Rolf Nahnhauer, DESY IceCube Meeting Berkeley

  2. Projects of the next decade: •  observe > 10 events/year from GZK  flux •  Veff≥ 50 km3 • target material: water, ice, salt, rock? • profit from combination of different detections methods: optical-acoustic-radio in background reduction, cross calibration, detection sensitivity,… AllRadiation EeVNeutrinodetectionArrays IceCube Meeting Berkeley

  3. The Water ARENA + Acoustic 1000 hydrophone array for Mediterranean3 hydrophones per cluster( sensor distance : 50 m )300 m grid spacing red line : incident neutrino (7.2*1019 eV)red cube : deposited energy of  - interactionyellow points : hydrophonesgreen cubes : signal hits From L. Thompson, unpublished And U. Katz, ApPEC Workshop 2003 IceCube Meeting Berkeley

  4. Water ARENA Sensor R&D selfmade Erlangen : cheap selfmade hydrophones sensitivity = 6x commercial S/N  10 commercial From: P. Kollmannsberger, DPG 2004 Pisa, Firenze:fibre acoustic sensors spectral response to a 65 kHz loud-speaker modulation (Mach-Zender OPD = 150 m) From: M.Morganti, Roma 2005 pressure wave on fibre  modulation of cavity size, leading to modulation of laser wavelength detectable by interferometer IceCube Meeting Berkeley

  5. A Water ARENA Test Site Shore laboratory port of Catania A fully equipped facility to test and develop technologies for the Mediterranean km3 Underwater test site: 25 km E offshore Catania 2000 m depth cable: 10 OF; 6 conductors 2004-2006 From G. Riccobene for this workshop IceCube Meeting Berkeley

  6. NEMO “phase 1” frame First tests: The NEMO - ODE (Ocean noise Detection Experiment) Sperm whales clicks • 4 hydrophones: • 2 (10 Hz - 40 kHz) ; 2 (1 kHz - 40 kHz) • Digitization (24 bits 96 kHz) and electro-optical translation • Continuous monitoring from shore From G. Riccobene for this workshop Successfully deployed on 23 Jan 2005 IceCube Meeting Berkeley

  7. The Water ARENA Preparation at Antares site in 2005 Spring deploy string-0, dummy+hydrophones check sensitivity, measure noise Summer recover string-0 Autumn deploy string-1, string-2 each has five levels upper level 5x2 hydrophones 4 lower levels 5x3 PMT’s Two strong groups: Erlangen , Sheffield Money: ~2x500k Euro Personpower (G): 10 students (PhD+diploma) 9 talks at German DPG 2005 (1 talk from IC++) Personpower(UK) ??? IceCube Meeting Berkeley

  8. The Air ARENA AUGER + Radio 1EeV air shower 4 km If LOPES R&D successful add radio detectors to AUGER radio beam 2 km vertical 1017 eV air shower center+100m+250m data:Allan and Prah 1mV/m/Mhz 1 50 km A. Horneffer et al., SPIE 2004 IceCube Meeting Berkeley

  9. Many Gulf coast salt domes3-4 km diameters, 5-10 km depths typical The Salt ARENA I From M. Chiba, NANP-Dubna 2003 many big salt domes around the world Canada 8x5 km2 Iran, 7km diameter Typical salt dome: RF loss similar to ice at -40° C 2.5 times more dense  build radio detector array IceCube Meeting Berkeley

  10. The Salt ARENA I Basic array geometry simulatedP. Gorham talk at SLAC meeting Meeting at SLAC Feb/05 :SalSA Collaboration bornU-Hawaii,UCLA, SLAC, … Phase 1: look for right locationdeploy test strings in a few holes study attenuation, noise etc in-situ 1 2 2.5 km3 array with 225 m spacing 122=144 strings, 123=1728 antenna nodes 12 antennas per node, dual polarization ~300 km3 sr at 1 EeV threshold 1017 eV, few 100s antennas hit at 1 EeV, >1000 hits at 10 EeV Rate: claim at least 10 events per year from rock-bottom minimal GZK predictions 3 Depth (km) 4 • Halite (rock salt) • La(<1GHz) > 500 m w.e. • Depth to >10km • Diameter: 3-8 km • Veff ~ 100-200 km3 w.e. • No known background • >2p steradians possible 5 6 7 IceCube Meeting Berkeley

  11. The Salt ARENA I Add acoustic detector array to SalSA? Theoretical expectations : f = 1 – 100 kHz, fres = 150 kHz 1 crack seen by 12 detectors pressure waves + shear waves Signal attenuation λatt = 1/α S = Ae-αr/rn n = 2 used λatt ≈ 170 m ! Signal location < 1 m From B.Price at SLAC meeting 02/05 Need measurements : learn from geophysicists T. Spies, J. Eisenblätter, J.Manthei,Z. f. angewandte Geologie, H2, 2002, 30and references therein IceCube Meeting Berkeley

  12. The Salt ARENA II LOFAR • interferometer in frequency range of 10 - 200 MHz • array of 100 stations of 100 dipole antennas • baselines of 10 m to 400 km • All-Sky monitor: transient events LOFAR + ZESANA http://www.lofar.org Zuidwending • Detect UHE ’s using rock salt in Northern Europe (Groningen) • Monitor UHE CR’s with LOFAR • Develop: • radar techniques for salt domes • techniques to install antennas in salt domes Onstwedde 7,5 km salt pillars Zechstein salt Zuidwending From A. M. van den Berg, SLAC meeting 02/05 IceCube Meeting Berkeley

  13. The Ice ARENA IceCube Collaboration: Study a hybrid optical-radio-acoustic array Idea behind: try to cross calibrate the detector,if discovery is made with one technique, confirmation with different technique necessary acoustic array alone: IC++ : o radio +acoustic optical (IceCube)o+r+a (IceCube+) example:0.5 km spacing1.5 km strings91 stringsVeff = 58 km3 acoustic noise : From J. Vandenbroucke,IceCube meeting Uppsala 10/04 IceCube Meeting Berkeley

  14. The Ice ARENA Radio antennas for ice available and tested (RICE)Acoustic glaciophones under development : Testrun at proton beam: Etot = 5.6 PeV – 1.7 EeV E min (1m)  10 PeVP min: ~10 mPa Calibration (until now only in water) reference hydrophone: Sensortech SQ03: -163.3±0.3 dB re 1V/μPa iron ball Improvement (S/N)ib = 50 (S/N)gb = 15 glass ball From S. Böser et al., to be published IceCube Meeting Berkeley

  15. The Ice ARENA Ice properties for propagation of light measured (AMANDA)Ice properties for propagation of radio signals measured (RICE)Ice properties for propagation of sound waves still to be measured urgent requirement:  study ambient noise  measure absorption length test foreseen for season 05/06 Proposal: use 3 holes diameter: ≥ 6” depth: 400 m 7 sensors per hole large variation of ice properties at the surface  non-equal spacing 7 transmitters per hole no possibility for transmitter allingment  azimuthal symmetry x IceCube Meeting Berkeley

  16. Timescale and Competition A hybrid extension could make IceCube the pre-eminent neutrino telescope at all cosmic energies But other projects near to take over IceCube Meeting Berkeley

  17. International ARENA Workshop May, 17 – 19 2005 DESY, Zeuthen, GERMANY http://www-zeuthen.desy.de/arena IceCube Meeting Berkeley

  18. Summary + Conclusions For the observation of the tiny neutrino fluxes above 1018 eV  Optical detection techniques seem to reach their limits  Radio detectors start to become sensitive  Acoustic detectors have a big revival but still need R&D Further progress would profit from  Combination of different detection techniques in one project Dedicated experiments at large scales  Network of worldwide cooperation IceCube Meeting Berkeley

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