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1850s: A Decade of Crisis. Chapter 18-19. Objective #1. Assess the extent to which the idea of Manifest Destiny affected politics within the United States as illustrated by the Compromise of 1850. Objective #2. Trace the increasing sectional hostility of the 1850s as a result of Slavery
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1850s: A Decade of Crisis Chapter 18-19
Objective #1 • Assess the extent to which the idea of Manifest Destiny affected politics within the United States as illustrated by the Compromise of 1850
Objective #2 • Trace the increasing sectional hostility of the 1850s as a result of • Slavery • The Fugitive Slave Act • Kansas-Nebraska Act • “Bleeding Kansas” • Dred Scott v. Sanford • John Brown’s Raid
Objective #3 • Trace the increasing sectional hostility of the 1850s, as a result of slavery, and the rise of the Republican Party and the election of 1860.
North-South Avoids/Compromises Showdown on Slavery • 1787: 3/5 and slave trade compromises • 1820: Missouri Compromise • 1833: Nullification • After war with Mexico: what do we do with the new territory?
Wilmot Proviso • “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist” in the new territories. • Attached to an appropriations bill for funding the war with Mexico • Passed House, Failed in Senate • Debate by section, not party line
Did Congress Have the Right to Dictate Slavery in States? • Precedent said yes • Northwest Ordinance • Missouri Compromise
John C. Calhoun’s Argument • Unconstitutional to prohibit slavery • Act of Congress cannot keep slaveholders from taking their property into territories (5th Amendment)
Election of 1848 • Dems: Lewis Cass • Dems official stance on slavery: silence • Cass: Popular Sovereignty • Whigs: Zachary Taylor • Taylor had never voted in an election • But was popular war hero • Silent on slavery (owned slaves) • Free-Soil: Martin Van Buren
Who were the Free-Soilers? • Northerners • Did not trust Cass or Taylor • Supported Wilmot Proviso • Abolitionists • Keep western land free of blacks (slave and free) so that whites would not have to compete with them • “Free soil, free labor, and free men” • Nationalists who wanted federal money for internal improvements • Advocated free homesteads for farmers • Industrialists against Polk’s reduced tariff • A few Northern Whigs and Antislavery Democrats
Issues Taylor has to Solve • 1. California: Free or slave? • 2. Land from Mexico: Free or slave? • 3. Existence of slave trade in Washington D.C. • 4. Lack of enforcement of Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 • Southern states meet in Oct., 1849 to discuss secession.
Compromise of 1850 • Written by Henry Clay • 1. California admitted as free state. • 2. New Mexico and Utah territories: popular sovereignty • 3. Texas given $10 million to pay off debts to Mexico. • 4. Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 • 5. Slave trade ended in D.C. (but not slavery)
Taylor Threatens Veto • But, Taylor dies unexpectedly in 1850. • VP Millard Fillmore becomes President • Signed into law • Political parties continue to split sectionally
Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 • Required federal marshals to help slaveholders seize runaway slaves • Abolitionists: it encouraged kidnapping • Blacks could not testify on own behalf • Federal commissioners in charge of cases were paid more if they ruled person was a slave. • Many Northern states passed laws forbidding local officials from aiding
HarrietBeecherStowe(1811 – 1896) So this is the lady who started the Civil War. -- Abraham Lincoln
Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852 • Sold 300,000 copies inthe first year. • 2 million in a decade!
1852 Presidential Election Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale Democrat Whig Free Soil
Major Party Candidates • Democrats (Pierce): • Pro-slavery Northerner (accepted by South) • Pro-territorial expansion (like Polk) • Endorsed the Compromise of 1850 • Whigs (Scott): • War hero (of course) • Pro-Compromise of 1850 • Problem for Whigs: More disorganized • Northerners did not like him for endorsing Fugitive Slave Act • Southerners did not like the Northerner.
Federal Government in 1853 • Executive Branch: • Pro-slavery Northern President (Democrat) • Majority of cabinet was from South (Democrat) • Veto Power • Legislative Branch: • North controls House (Democratic controlled) • North controls Senate (Democratic controlled) • Judicial Branch: • Majority of the justices were Southerners
Democrats in Control • Mandate for Manifest Destiny • 1853: Gadsden Purchase for southern railroad link to west coast for $10 million • South also interested in extending further south into Latin American lands
Ostend Manifesto (1854) • Pierce approved a secret meeting of American diplomats in Ostend, Belgium • Discussed buying Cuba for $120 million • South could potentially pass North in size and power • Northern free-soilers outraged • At same time Uncle Tom’s Cabin peaking • Pierce was forced to drop issue
Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853 • Followed Cushing’s treaty with China in 1844 • First formal agreement between US and China • Perry arrives in Japan with warships • Gives Japanese gifts and asks for free trade • Returned in 1854 and received positive response
Stephen Douglas • Congressman from Illinois • Pro expansion • Pro popular sovereignty • Invested in railroads • Wanted to capture leadership of Democratic party
Nebraska Question • Had to keep southern Democrats happy over slavery • Nebraska territory requests statehood • It is totally above 36 30 line • South wants Nebraska to be a slave state • He risks alienating South and ruining his chance to one day be President.
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) • Split Nebraska into two territories (Kansas and Nebraska) • Both could decide by popular sovereignty • Assumption: One would be free, one would be slave • Endorsed by President Pierce
Results of Kansas-Nebraska Act • Re-opened question of slavery in territories • Split parties further • Killed Whig Party (sectional differences within party) • Split the Union • Most Northerners were against the destruction of Missouri Compromise • Will resist all future southern demands for slave territory • Refused to enforce Fugitive Slave Law • Bleeding Kansas (and later contributed to Civil War)
Growing Cities • Increased nativism: job competition, language differences, religion, lowering wages • Immigrants usually supported Democratic Party • Growing belief that immigrants were corrupting politics • American (Know-Nothing) saw little success as third party. • Birth of Republican Party
Birth of the Republican Party, 1854 • Northern Whigs. • Northern Democrats. • Free-Soilers. • Know-Nothings. • Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
Republican Platform • Would not interfere with slavery where it already existed • Did not support equal rights for blacks • Anti-Catholic • Pro-temperance • Pro-public school • End fugitive slave laws • Support middle class, small business, laborers, Northern farmers • Anti-Kansas Nebraska Act
Problems with Kansas • New England Emigrant Aid Society sent free-soilers to Kansas to vote • Missouri sent citizens to Kansas to vote in the election (more of them) • Election results: twice as many people voted than number of registered voters • Pro-slavery government was elected (Shawnee Mission) • Free-Soilers set up government in Topeka • Federal government did nothing to solve problem.
“Bleeding Kansas” Border “Ruffians”(pro-slavery Missourians)
Violence in Kansas (1856) • Pro-slavery supporters march on free-soil supported Lawrence (Sack of Lawrence) • John Brown and group of abolitionists hack five pro-slavery men in revenge two days later (Massacre of Pottawatomie Creek)
“The Crime Against Kansas” Sen. Charles Sumner(R-MA) Congr. Preston Brooks(D-SC)
1856 Presidential Election √ James Buchanan John C. Frémont Millard Fillmore Democrat Republican Know-Nothing
1857: Call for New Election in Kansas • LeCompton Constitution offered by the pro-slavery government as a “compromise” • Only allowed people to vote on existing constitution with or without slavery • Constitution protected slavery where it already existed
1857 Election results • Only 2000 of 24,000 voters participated • Proslavery government elected • Free blacks barred from state • President James Buchanan endorsed it • Stephen Douglas opposed it: not true popular sovereignty • Persuaded Senate to reject constitution • Hurt his support in the South • Kept Kansas from becoming a state until 1861 • Would become a free state when secessionists left Congress
Dred Scott Case (1857) • Slaves are property and cannot be taken without due process (5th Amendment) • Compromise of 1820 had been unconstitutional all along • Congress did not have power to ban slavery in the territories • Could not sue because he is not a citizen
Panic of 1857 • Caused by: • Over-speculation of land • Flood of gold from California caused inflation • Problems in grain market • North hit worst • North favored higher tariff (industrialists) and cheaper land (farmers) • Homestead Act (1860): public land given to farmers for $.25 an acre (vetoed by Buchanan) • Republican party planks in 1860 • King Cotton not impacted • South saw this as proof of economic superiority of cotton production
The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate) Debates, 1858 A House divided against itself, cannot stand.
Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858) • S. Douglas (D) • Dodged slavery issue • Popular sovereignty • Believed to be the front-runner for presidential nomination in 1860.
Lincoln-Douglas Debates • Abraham Lincoln (Re) • Anti-slavery but pro-Union first • Believed in political equality of blacks • Challenged Douglas to a series of debates
Freeport Doctrine • Douglas stated that people in a territory could vote slavery down despite the Dred Scott decision • Upset South • Further splits Democratic party • Douglas wins election but damages his chances for being President