What traditionally happens to unemployment and poverty rates during a contraction or recession?

1. What traditionally happens to unemployment and poverty rates during a contraction or recession? • They rise

2. What is the basic definition of an unemployed person? • someone who wishes to work but cannot find a job

3. Identify three types of unemployment. • frictional (moving from job to job), structural (change in technology), seasonal, & cyclical (tied to business cycle)

4. How do many workers in seasonal industries solve the problem of seasonal unemployment? • By migrating to areas that have work at that time (areas in season)

5. Name three of the five causes of structural unemployment. • Development of new technology, discovery of new resources, changes in demand, globalization, lack of education

6. Fiscal Policy is built around the supply of public goods, such as _____, ______, and _____. Schools, roads, national defense, fire/police protection, national parks

7. What type of employment are we most worried about right now? Why? • Cyclical, because we won’t get relief until the economy recovers

8. How is the unemployment rate computed? • Total number of unemployed people divided by total workforce (all Americans over 16 who want to work)

9. Where does the unemployment rate hover when we are experiencing full employment? • Between 4-6%

10. What does the government do to help support unemployed workers? How do they pay for this? Provide unemployment benefits for people actively looking for work; payroll taxes paid by current workers

11. What does it mean to be underemployed? Does underemployment increase efficiency? • in a job that does not use all of your skills, or gives you part-time when you want full time

12. In what decade did labor unions in the US first begin to win legal rights and recognition? What law was behind this change? 1930s Wagner Act

13. What is collective bargaining? The negotiation between a company’s management and union to reach agreement on a new contract

14. What are the 3 key types of inflation? • demand-pull (aggregate demand pulling prices up), cost-push and quantity theory

15. What are the three most commonly used statistics for measuring the current state of the economy? GDP, unemployment, and the CPI (inflation)

16. What kind of inflation is created by increased production costs? • Cost-push

17. What theory of inflation is based on an increase in the money supply? • Quantity Theory

18. What kind of inflation is created by greater aggregate demand? • Demand-pull

19. What is the most commonly used measure of inflation? How is it calculated? • Consumer Price Index (CPI); tracking the prices of a consistent “market basket” of goods

20. What is the normal range for inflation rates? What caused the huge jump in inflation in the late 1970s? • 1-3%; • A huge jump in food and oil prices

21. What does the core inflation rate measure? Why? • Inflation rate without energy & food prices; because energy & food prices are the most volatile

22. What are three of the main effects of inflation? • decreased purchasing power, decreased value of wages, increased interest rates, decreased saving, increased production costs

23. What is the typical effect of low unemployment on inflation? Why? • Low unemployment leads to higher wages which usually creates inflation through higher aggregate demand

24. Name three of the main causes of poverty. • Lack of education, Location, racial and gender discrimination, economic shifts, shifts in family structure

25. What is the poverty line? What does the poverty rate measure? • The minimum income needed to satisfy basic economic needs; the percentage of people in a nation living under the poverty line

26. What does a Lorenz curve demonstrate? • The income gap, or disparity in wealth holdings by percentages of the population

27. What type of household is most likely to live in poverty? • Households headed by a female single parent

28. The wealthiest fifth of Americans receives roughly what percentage of total income? The poorest fifth? • Almost 50%; less than 5%

29. What are two reasons for this income gap? • Differences in skills and education, inheritances, field of work

30. What is shift is currently taking place in the income gap? It is getting larger, wealthiest Americans getting richer – everybody else getting poorer

31. What is the purpose of enterprise zones? • provide tax breaks and other incentives to encourage investment in areas that need revitalization

32. What catch phrase demonstrates the recent efforts to reform welfare programs? • From welfare to workfare

33. Name two ways that the United States Constitution has been amended. • 2/3 Congress & ¾ State Legislatures, 2/3 Congress & ¾ State Conventions

34. The process of amending the Constitution is a great example of ______ism. Why? • Federalism  • Because of the interaction of federal and state

35. Name 3 of the 4 types of elections, according to V.O. Key’s theory of elections. • Critical, Deviating, Maintaining Reinstating

36. What is a critical election? Identify an example of a critical election. • An election that marks a major shift in party coalitions, starts a new party era; FDR in 1932, Reagan in 1980

37. What is an election where things shift away from the ongoing trend? An election that returns to the ongoing trend? • A deviating election • A reinstating election

38. What is the primary goal of monetary policy? • To manage the economy by manipulating the money supply

39. What are the three primary tools used in carrying out monetary policy? • Adjusting key interest rates, adjusting reserve requirements for banks, buying/selling government securities

40. What impact would lower interest rates have on the amount of consumer borrowing? How should this effect the economy? Increase borrowing Stimulate the economy

41. Who has the primary responsibility for setting monetary policy in the U.S.? What is the purpose of monetary policy? • The Federal Reserve Board • (the FED) • Lessen the impact of business cycles on the American economy

42. Which FED chairman was given guru status in the 1990s? Who is the current FED chairman? • Alan Greenspan • Ben Bernanke

43. Who appoints the members of the FED governing board? Once appointed, are they dependent or independent in terms of political pressure? • The President • The FED operates independently from political pressure

44. Through what type of policy does the government attempt to influence the economy by taxing and spending? • Fiscal Policy

45. How do “supply-side” economists view tax cuts? “Demand side”? Tax cuts can be helpful in increasing spendable income and aggregate demand; Demand side favors spending to increase economic activity and therefore gov’t revenue

46. The combined effect of all our deficit spending can be measured where? • In our national debt (now over $14 trillion)

47. What measure is used to measure the size of the debt in terms of our entire economy? • Debt as a percentage of GDP

48. What approximate percentage of the of the current budget goes to entitlements and interest on the debt? • 66% or 2/3

49. Why are these entitlement programs putting increasing pressure on the budget? • Aging baby boomers living longer and requiring more expensive healthcare

50. Roughly what percentage of the federal budget is left after entitlements, interest, and defense? • 17%, or 2/3