Vehicle Safety Communications Project Executive Overview November 4, 2003

1. CAMP CAMP Vehicle Safety Communications Consortium Vehicle Safety Communications Consortium IVI Light Vehicle Enabling Research Program IVI Light Vehicle Enabling Research Program Vehicle Safety Communications Project Executive Overview November 4, 2003

2. Briefing Agenda 10:00 – 11:00 Executive Overview (F. Ahmed-Zaid, G. Peredo) Task 4: Refinement of Vehicle Safety Applications 11:15 – 11:35 - Overview (H. Krishnan) 11:35 – 12:00 - Field Testing (J. Bauer) 12:00 – 1:00 Lunch Task 4: (continued) 1:00 – 1:25 - Field Testing (E. Clark) 1:25 – 1:45 - Simulation Testing (D. Jiang) 1:45 – 2:00 Task 5: Participate in and Coordinate with DSRC Standards Committees and Groups (T. Schaffnit) 2:00 – 2:45 Task 6: Test and Validation of DSRC Capabilities - Subproject 6A: Protocol Research (D. Jiang) - Subproject 6B: Security (E. Clark) - Subproject 6C: Antenna (S. Tengler)

3. VSC Project • Two-year program began May 2002 • VSC Consortium Members: BMW, DaimlerChrysler, Ford, GM, Nissan, Toyota, and VW • Facilitate the advancement of vehicle safety through communication technologies • Identify and evaluate the safety benefits of vehicle safety applications enabled or enhanced by communications • Assess communication requirements, including vehicle-vehicle and vehicle-infrastructure modes • Contribute to DSRC standards and ensure they effectively support safety

4. VSC Project Tasks • Task 1 - Literature Review • Task 2 - Analyze the DSRC Standards Development Process • Task 3 - Identify Intelligent Vehicle Safety Applications Enabled by DSRC • Task 4 - Refine Vehicle Safety Application Communications Requirements • Task 5 - Participate in and Coordinate with DSRC Standards Committees and Groups • Task 6 - Test and Validate DSRC Capabilities • Task 7 - Summary • Task 8 - Program Management

5. Completed Tasks 1, 2 & 3 • Task 1: • Reviewed available published DOT and OEM literature for communications-based vehicle safety applications • Task 2: • Prepared roadmap of anticipated DSRC standards (roadmap is updated in Task 5) • Provided DOT with synchronized VSC project timeline • Task 3: • Identified communications-based vehicle safety applications • Selected high potential benefit applications for further research

6. Safety Applications Communications Between Vehicles • Approaching Emergency Vehicle Warning • Blind Spot Warning • Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control • Cooperative Collision Warning • Cooperative Forward Collision Warning • Cooperative Vehicle-Highway Automation System • Emergency Electronic Brake Lights • Highway Merge Assistant • Lane Change Warning • Post-Crash Warning • Pre-Crash Sensing • Vehicle-Based Road Condition Warning • Vehicle-to-Vehicle Road Feature Notification • Visibility Enhancer • Wrong Way Driver Warning Communications Between Vehicle and Infrastructure • Blind Merge Warning • Curve Speed Warning – Rollover Warning • Emergency Vehicle Signal Preemption • Highway/Rail Collision Warning • Intersection Collision Warning • In Vehicle Amber Alert • In-Vehicle Signage • Just-In-Time Repair Notification • Left Turn Assistant • Low Bridge Warning • Low Parking Structure Warning • Pedestrian Crossing Information at Intersection • Road Condition Warning • Safety Recall Notice • SOS Services • Stop Sign Movement Assistance • Stop Sign Violation Warning • Traffic Signal Violation Warning • Work Zone Warning

7. Highest Ranking Safety Applications Near Term (2007 – 2011) Mid Term (2012 – 2016) • Benefit opportunity 5th year after deployment • 17M new vehicles/year equipped (of 210M total) • Effectiveness derived from “44 Crashes”

8. Basic Communications Requirements • Defined communications parameters that include: • Types of Communications (one-way, two-way, point-to-point, point-to-multipoint) • Transmission Mode (event-driven, periodic) • Update Rate • Allowable Latency (communication delay) • Data to be Transmitted and/or Received (message content) • Required Range of Communication • Specified communications parameters based on engineering judgment and industry experience

9. Preliminary Communications Requirements for High-Priority Application Scenarios

10. Comparison of Wireless Technologies

11. Task 3 Summary • For high potential benefit safety applications • Defined system level concepts of operation • Refined communications requirements • DSRC appears to have the potential to support safety communications requirements • Low latency (50-100 ms) • Transmission of broadcast messages • Adequate range (up to 300 m) • Adequate data rate (up to 27 Mbps) • Latency requirements for safety applications do not appear to be achievable with other available wireless communications technologies

12. Task 4 - Refinement of Vehicle Safety Communications Requirements • Designed and assembled 20 communications test kits (including DGPS units) for VSC field testing • Developed data collection software and analysis tools (now at v2.7) to conduct tests • Developed test plan with representative test scenarios • Conducted field testing on test track and public roadways • Analyzed data from field testing • Developed simulation test tool for DSRC protocol investigations

13. Test Equipment • VSC Communication Test Kits (CTKs) • Laptops with 802.11a card • DGPS receivers • Magmount DSRC and DGPS antennas • Portable implementation

14. Test Kit vs. DSRC Standard

15. Test Scenarios Scenario 2 Scenario 1 Two Dynamic Antennas (OBU’s) One Dynamic Antenna (OBU)One Static Antenna (RSU) Scenario 3 Scenario 4 Two Static Antennas Multiple Sending Antennas Receiver Legend: Obstructer Sender

16. Test Plan Structure

17. Test Track Actual Road Testing • Controlled environment testing: Test tracks • Real Traffic Conditions: Highways, rural, arterial, and residential roads in the Palo Alto and Detroit areas (various traffic densities, curves, hills, bridges, etc.) Public Roads

18. Graph Legend: Range (m) Lost Packets Received Packets Accumulated Received Packets Video Clips Large Truck obstruction Dense Traffic SUV obstruction SUV & sedans obstruction PU Truck obstruction Receiver lane change GPS outages under overpasses Freeway Testing:Example sender

19. Moving Vehicle Testing: Example • Sender and receiver vehicles pass each other at 50 mph • 400-bytes message size, every ~ 50 msec (stress configuration) • No packet loss Sender Receiver

20. Simulation Testing • Used simulation test environment to investigate vehicle scenarios too large for real world testing • Initial investigations centered on determining the effectiveness of proposed IEEE 802.11 priority mechanisms for vehicle safety • Early results indicate priority mechanism works well to get safety messages transmitted consistently before lower priority messages • Significant difference with/without priorities evident in the more stressing simulation runs

21. Field Testing Observations • Line of sight, single transmitter-receiver communication is robust for a variety of vehicle-vehicle and vehicle infrastructure safety applications • Range (300m), update rate (10-20 Hz), and latency requirements (50-100 ms) of Task 3 safety applications were met in preliminary tests • Better than expected performance with SUV/Van obstructions • Degraded performance, as expected, under obstructions from large trucks and buildings/terrain. More testing and analysis is required • Areas for future study include transmission power variation, and multi-sender, multi-receiver scenarios

22. Outline • VSC Project Background, Project Tasks & Deliverables • Tasks 1, 2, 3 and 4 Progress and Findings • Tasks 5 and 6 Progress and Findings • Summary and Next Steps

23. Task 5 - Participate in and Coordinate with DSRC Standards Committees • Lower layer DSRC standard - ASTM to IEEE 802.11 • Benefit – IEEE 802.11 credibility and acceptance • Issue – potential for delayed approval (possibly 2005) • FCC rulemaking currently follows precursor ASTM standard, but may cause delay if IEEE changes necessitate revision • Upper layer DSRC standards being developed in another IEEE committee • DSRC security standard development in another IEEE committee • VSCC actively participating in these DSRC standards development activities

24. Additional DSRC Standards Progress • VSCC provided information to new Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers (AAM) working group • AAM defining DSRC standard vehicle message set • Intended for SAE vehicle safety messaging standard • SAE formed new committee to develop message set and data dictionary standard for DSRC (first meeting 12/03) • VSCC plans to participate in this SAE standards development activity

25. Task 6A - Protocol Research Subproject • Develops informed VSC recommendations to create efficient, robust, and reliable communications protocol • Focuses on how to improve broadcast reliability in various traffic conditions • Status • Test kit enhanced for collecting received signal strength data • Initial enhancement of DSRC simulator ready and in use • Mathematical framework under discussion • Simulation tests for various broadcast reliability enhancements in development

26. Task 6B - Security Subproject • Addressing greater security consequences for vehicle safety communications • Participating in IEEE P1556 working group meetings • VSCC leading security for safety applications • Created vehicle safety communications threat model and outline of security services • Defining security solution constraints • Starting description of security architecture and protocol

27. Task 6C - Antenna Subproject • Developing optimized antennas for DSRC • Determine antenna performance and placement requirements per lower layer standards and OEM guidance • Design and characterize antenna variants optimized for 5.9 GHz DSRC • Build reference antennas for DSRC research • Supplier selected, now developing candidate designs • Target March ’04 completion

28. Outline • VSC Project Background, Project Tasks & Deliverables • Tasks 1, 2, 3 and 4 Progress and Findings • Tasks 5 and 6 Progress and Findings • Summary and Next Steps

29. Summary • VSCC is encouraged by the testing to date • Initial tests indicate that DSRC can perform well in most of the conditions examined in the current testing: • The expected degradation from large vehicles, structures, and terrain obstructions was observed in some cases. It is not expected this will have a severe impact on safety applications • More testing and research is planned to examine additional conditions • Simulation testing is underway • The transition to the IEEE lower layer standard has benefits, but also some risks • The VSC project continues to have a positive impact on the focus and progress of DSRC standards development

30. Next Steps • Continue field testing to complete defined test scenarios and validate/refine communications requirements • Continue simulation testing to understand and refine communication mechanisms in dense traffic environments • Continue active standards participation to ensure developing standards effectively support safety • Design candidate security architecture and protocol to address threat model and constraints • Develop optimized DSRC vehicle antenna reference designs

31. Briefing Agenda 10:00 – 11:00 Executive Overview (F. Ahmed-Zaid, G. Peredo) Task 4: Refinement of Vehicle Safety Applications 11:15 – 11:35 - Overview (H. Krishnan) 11:35 – 12:00 - Field Testing (J. Bauer) 12:00 – 1:00 Lunch Task 4: (continued) 1:00 – 1:25 - Field Testing (E. Clark) 1:25 – 1:45 - Simulation Testing (D. Jiang) 1:45 – 2:00 Task 5: Participate in and Coordinate with DSRC Standards Committees and Groups (T. Schaffnit) 2:00 – 2:45 Task 6: Test and Validation of DSRC Capabilities - Subproject 6A: Protocol Research (D. Jiang) - Subproject 6B: Security (E. Clark) - Subproject 6C: Antenna (S. Tengler)