Seventh International Scientific & Technical Conference ( MNTK -2010) Moscow , 26 – 27 May 2010

1. Seventh International Scientific & Technical Conference(MNTK-2010)Moscow, 26 – 27 May 2010 Russian Nuclear Power in the Ever-changing World V.G. Asmolov

2. Russian NPPs in commercial operation 10NPPs, 32Units, Ninst.= 24242MW 2

3. Electricity generation by Russian NPPs 3

4. Load Factor of Russian NPPs 4

5. Load Factor at Russian NPPs in 2009 5

6. Execution of the planned target for electricity generation at Russian NPPs in 2009(% and mln. kW-h) 6

7. Trend of operational events at Russian NPPs 7

8. Trend of events with scrams at Russian NPPs 8

9. Radioactive noble gasesreleases from NPPs in 2009 (% of the allowed release level) New limits for allowed release introduced (by SPAS-99 standard) On-line data for2009 9

10. Collective doses at NPPs for different reactor types (man-Sv/Unit) 10

11. Summary of the year 2009 Nuclear power units safe operation has been ensured The maximum electricity generation level of 163.3bln kW-h (100.6%of the FTS balance target) has been achieved The maximum generation capacity of 22 700MW has been attained Load Factor of 80.2% has been reached (79.5% in 2008) Availability Factor of 83.6% has been reached (82.2% in 2008) 11

12. Production targets for 2010 12

13. Electricity generation increase Electricity generation increase at the operating nuclear power units is achieved by implementation of relevant measures in the following areas: Reliability improvement; Nuclear power units efficiency factor raise; Thermal power increase; Reduction of overhaul and mid-life repair terms; Thermal efficiency improvement for thermomechanical equipment; Operation life extension for NPP units. 13

14. The gradual comprehensive upgrading plan for VVER-1000 power units 14

15. Reduction of conservatism in the VVER-1000 power capability evaluation доп As a resultthermal power can be increased by 12% 15

16. Phases of Russian Nuclear Power Development in Post-Chernobyl Period • 1992 – 2004 - the “survival” period • 2004 – 2008 - nuclear “renaissance” • 2008 – 2009 - global financial crisis • 2010onward - end of recession period and post-crisis development 16

17. Russian NPPs built in the “survival” period 1993 – Balakovo NPP Unit 4 2001 – Volgodonsk NPP Unit 1 2005 – Kalinin NPP Unit 3 17

18. Foreign NPPs of the “survival” period TianwanNPP(China) Bushehr NPP(Iran) Kudankulam NPP (India) 18

19. The “survival” periodoutcome • R&D infrastructure and the knowledge for the basis technology (VVER and BN reactors)have been retained • The technology and infrastructure for the construction of NPP power units, and the whole nuclear industry have been retained • Severe accidents research programs have been carried out, and computer codes have been developed and verified • New safety design features have been developed and tested 19

20. Safety database 1986 - 2005 COMPUTATIONAL TOOL RESEARCH RESEARCHPROGRAMS INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS IN RUSSIA AT WESTERN FACILITIES PROGRAMS with Russian involvement with Western partners involvement ( data bases, codes) · Thermohydraulics - · Thermohydraulics - integral experiments · Thermohydraulics PMK (Hungary), PACTEL (Finland) · Hydrogen (deflagration, ¨ CAMP, ICAP · Core damage - CORA (Germany) detonation) ¨ NEA / OECD · · RASPLAV, MASCA - Hydrogen - HDR(Germany) ¨ EU, IAEA programs · Melt - concrete · Melt-concrete interaction - · Severe accidents interaction BETA (Germany), ACE (USA) ¨ CSARP · Thermomechanics · Filters on the containment ¨ NEA / OECD of fuel elements ¨ venting system - EU, IAEA programs · Thermomechanics ACE (USA), TYPHOON (Germany) of a reactor vessel · Reactivity initiated accidents APPLICATION TO THE NUCLEAR INSTALLATIONS

21. Boundary conditions that determined the nuclear “renaissance” • External conditions: • Non-uniform distribution of fossil fuel resources • Increased tension at global energy market The public request for accelerated nuclear power development • Demonstration of developing consumer-oriented features of NPPs: • guaranteed safety • economic efficiency • closed NFC • RW & SF management • fuel breeding 21

22. Nuclear power globalization degree • Five countries (U.S.A., France, Japan, Russia and Germany) altogether produce 70% of nuclear-generated electricity in the world. • Light water reactors of three types (PWR, BWR, VVER) represent 80% of global reactor fleet. • Five countries (Russia, France, Japan, China, India) are developing fast reactor technologies in an advanced phase. • Six companies (Rosatom, URENCO, USEC, EURODIF, CNNC, JNFL) are performing commercial-scale uranium enrichment. • Six countries (France, United Kingdom, Russia, Japan, China, India) have nuclear fuel reprocessing capacities. 22

23. NPP construction roadmap according to the General Plan till 2020 February 2008 Nizhniy Novorod, Unit4 Central, Unit4 Nvoronezh-II, Unit 4 Central, Unit3 Prim., Unit 2 NVoronezh-II, Unit 3 Prim., Unit 1 Kola-II Unit1 Kola-II, Unit4 Kola-II Unit2 Kola-II, Unit3 South Urals, Unit 1 South Urals, Unit 2 Central, Unit 1 Tver, Unit 4 Tver, Unit 1 Central, Unit2 Beloyarsk, Unit 4 BN-800 NVoronezh-II, Unit 2 South Urals, Unit 4 Nizhniy Novorod Unit 1 South Urals, unit 3 Nizhniy Novorod, Unit2 Leningrad-II, Unit2 Seversk, Unit2 Seversk, Unit 1 Leningrad-II, Unit 1 Rostov, Unit 3 Rostov, Unit 4 NVoronezh-II, Unit 1 Leningrad-II, Unit4 Tver, Unit 2 Nizhniy Novorod, Unit3 Rostov, Unit 2 completion Leningrad-II, Unit3 Tver, Unit 3 Kursk, Unit 5* completion Kalinin, Unit 4 completion To be decommissioned: 3.7 GW NVNPP, Unit 3 NVNPP, Unit 4 Kola, Unit 2 LNPP Unit 1 LNPP, unit 2 • red line separates the units with guaranteed financing • blue line designates the mandatory power unit • commissioning programme Kola, Unit 1

24. NPP siting in accordance with the General Plan Pevek (PATES) NPPs in operation NPPs under construction Bilibino Kola Prospective NPPs Baltic Leningrad Vilyuchinsk (PATES) Tver Kalinin Smolensk Central Kursk Nizhniy Novgorod Novovoronezh Beloyarsk Rostov Seversk Balakovo South Urals Primorye Power unit information In operation - 31 units Under construction - 10units (including floating units - PATES) Prospective - 28 units (includingfloating units - PATES) Upgrading - 14 units Decommissioning - 9 units (including Bilibino NPP)

25. The AES-2006 design is the basis for implementation of the General Siting Plan“roadmap” 25

26. AES-2006 – the targets reached • Thermal power has been increased up to 3200 MWand Efficiency factor (gross) of a power unit has reached 36.2%, due to: • elimination of excessive conservatism • improvement of steam turbine thermal circuit • improvement of steam parameters at the steam generator outlets and decrease of pressure losses in steam lines • Economic efficiency has been improved by means of: • optimization of passive and active safety systems used in AES-91 and AES-92 designs • unification of the main equipment; • decrease of materials consumption 26

27. Negative effects of the world financial crisis • Industrial production shrinkage • Energy consumption recession • Grid restrictions and NPP generation reduction • Decreased profits and reduced investments in construction of new NPPs 27

28. NPP units currently under construction As both the economics and electricity demand will be recovered, it is expected to build: Central NPP; Nizhniy Novgorod NPP; Seversk NPP; South Urals NPP; Tver-II NPP Beloyarsk NPP Power unit 4 (BN-800) Novovoronezh-II NPP Power unit 2 Baltic NPP Power unit 1 Leningrad-II NPP power unit 2 Leningrad-II NPP power unit 3 Novovoronezh-II NPP Power unit 1 Kalinin NPP power unit 4 Leningrad-II NPP power unit 1 Rostov NPP Power unit 3 Rostov NPP Power unit 4 Rostov NPP power unit 2 Baltic NPP power unit 2 Leningrad-II NPP power unit 4

29. NPPs under construction – current status Completion of NPPs with VVER-1000 reactors:-Rostov NPP, power units 2, 3 and 4- Kalinin NPP, power unit 4 Construction of NPPs of the AES-2006 design: - Novovoronezh-II NPP, power units 1 and 2- Leningrad-II NPP, power units 1 and 2 Construction of NPP with BN-800 reactor:- Beloyarsk NPP, power unit 4 Construction of floating nuclear cogeneration plant (PATES) with KLT-40 reactor (Vilyuchinsk) 29

30. Rostov NPP Units 2, 3 and 4 Rostov NPP Unit 2 Rostov NPP Units 3,4 30

31. Kalinin NPPUnit 4 31

32. Novovoronezh-II NPP 32

33. Leningrad-II NPP 33

34. Beloyarsk NPP Unit 4 34

35. Floating nuclear cogeneration plant (PATES) 35

36. NPP-2006 siting licenses for new sites

37. Main areas of optimization in AES-2006 Economic requirements and boundary conditions of the Customer Basis – AES-2006 design Reactor unit Turbine hall Heat exchangers Safety systems • Auxiliary systems: • Ventilation, • Radwaste Automated process control system Optimization Design is not changed. Removal of conservatism Variability. Optimization. Simplification of the design and completion of passive safety justification Development in accordance with the adopted design Significant upgrading (there is a significant back-up) AES-2010 (VVER-SOC)

38. Development areas for AES-2010 concept design

39. Development areas for AES-2010 concept design(continuation)

40. Development areas for AES-2010 concept design(continuation)

41. Development areas for AES-2010 concept design(continuation)

42. Systemic problems of the modern nuclear power • Low efficiency in beneficial use of mined natural uranium – less than 1% • Continuously growing volumes of SNF and RW 42

43. Requirements to a nuclear power system (NPS) • Economical efficiency • Guaranteed safety • No limitations in regard to a raw materials base for а historically significant time span • SNF and RW management – the NP fuel cycle is to be organized in a way ensuring safe ultimate RW confinement • Energy production scale – the share in the national electricity market should be not less than 30% • Energy production structure is to ensure an opportunity to expand the markets

44. A power unit of the 4th generation with a sodium-cooled fast reactor: • Complying with the requirements of large-scale nuclear power in areas of fuel utilization and minor actinides management • With improved technical, economic performance and safety features

45. Requirements to VVER technology development aimed at its application in combination with breeder reactors within the closed NFC: • Fuel utilization (Breeding Ratio) • Efficiency coefficient • Investment paybackterms 45

46. Target features of an innovative NPP unit based on the traditional VVER technology • Fuel utilization – possibility of operation with breeding ratio (BR)of ~ 0.8 – 0.9 and natural uranium consumption of 130 – 135 t/GW(e) per year • Thermodynamic efficiency- improvement of the efficiency coefficient by optimization of the steam generator design and by the maximum possible increase of steam parameters • Investment payback – shortening of the construction period down to 3.5 – 4 years due to the enlarged industrial modular fabrication

47. Perspective pattern of Russiannuclear power system Mid of 21-stcentury Today Basic electricity supply AES-2006, AES-2006МNPPswithVVER-1000 VVER-440 NPPs,VVER-1000 NPPsRBMK NPPs Electricity supply, extra fuel breeding NPPswithSuper-VVERfor operation in CNFC with BR~ 0.9 Electricity supply + fuel breeding BN-800 NPPscommercial breeders BN-600 NPP Regional NHPPs with small- and medium-size reactors Heat supply + electricity Bilibino NHPP High potential heat, new energy carriers High-temperature reactors Open nuclear fuel cycle Closed nuclear fuel cycle