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Chapter 15 = Solutions

Chapter 15 = Solutions. Solutions = homogeneous mixtures containing two or more substances Solute = substance that gets dissolved; smallest part of solution Solvent = substance that does the dissolving; largest part of solution. Solutions are not always made of 2 liquids Carbon + Iron

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Chapter 15 = Solutions

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  1. Chapter 15 = Solutions • Solutions = homogeneous mixtures containing two or more substances • Solute = substance that gets dissolved; smallest part of solution • Solvent = substance that does the dissolving; largest part of solution

  2. Solutions are not always made of 2 liquids • Carbon + Iron • Nitrogen + Oxygen

  3. Soluble = substance that can be dissolved in solvent • Sugar and water • Insoluble = substance that can not be dissolved in solvent • Oil and water

  4. Miscible = two liquids are soluble in each other • alcohol and water • Immiscible = two liquids are not soluble in each other • Oil and water

  5. Solvation- the process of solvent particles breaking apart solute crystals into particles the size of ions • http://www.glencoe.com/sites/common_assets/science/cmc/cim/animations/ch14_1.swf

  6. Tyndall Effect • Solutions allow light to pass through without being scattered • Think about air • Non-solutions cause the light to be scattered • Think about fog We’ll cover this more in depth in section 15.4

  7. Electrolyte- solutions that can conduct electricity due to ions in the solution

  8. Covalently bonded molecules do not break apart to form ions in solutions but they still do dissolve • http://www.glencoe.com/sites/common_assets/science/cmc/cim/animations/ch14_1.swf

  9. Factors that Affect the Rate of Solvation • To increase solvation we need to increase the number of times the solute and solvent touch • Shake (agitate) the mixture • Break to increase surface area • Bake—increase temperature

  10. Solubility-maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specified temperature and pressure • Eventually, solute particles will begin to collide with each other and form crystals.

  11. Unsaturated • Contains less than maximum amount of dissolved solute • Saturated • Contains maximum amount of dissolved solute • Supersaturated • Contains more than maximum amount of dissolved solute

  12. If you add extra solute to… • Unsaturated • Solute will dissolve • Saturated • Solute will dissolve • Supersaturated • Solute will crystallize

  13. Solubility Curves • Each substance has its own unique solubility which can be displayed on a graph

  14. Supersaturated solution- solution holding more solute than a saturated solution at the same temperature and pressure • Mentos and Diet Coke • CO2 is greater than normal levels • When Mentos are placed into the CO2 jumps out of solution

  15. Temperature and Solubility • SOLID- As temperature increases solubility of a solid solute will increase (few exceptions) • GAS- as temperature increases solubility of a gas will decrease

  16. Pressure and solubility • Henry’s Law – solubility of any gas increases as the external pressure is increased • This is why cokes go flat. When you open the can the external pressure has been reduced and this decreases the solubility of the carbonation (CO2)

  17. If 0.55 g of a gas dissolves in 1.0 L of water at 2 atm of pressure, how much will dissolve at 4.5 atm of pressure? 2x = 2.475 X= 1.2375 g/L

  18. A gas has solubility of 0.66 g/L at 10 atm of pressure. What is the pressure on a 1 L sample that contains 1.5 g of gas? 0.66 x = 150 X= 22.73 atm

  19. 3. A gas has a solubility of 1.46 g/L at 8 atm of pressure. What is the pressure of a 1.0L sample that contains 2.7 g/L? answer = 14.8 atm 4. If 0.68 g of a gas at 5 atm of pressure dissolves in 1.0 L of water at 25°C, how much will dissolve in 1.0L of water at 8 atm of pressure and the same temperature? answer = 1.09 g/L

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