1877-1914 Unit II

1. 1877-1914 Unit II • I. Prejudice and Discrimination • II. The Progressive Movement • III. Imperialism-Becoming a World Power

2. 1900-1909 28 min.

3. I Prejudice and Discrimination VUS 8c After Reconstruction, many Southern States passed laws that limited the rights of African Americans. These “Jim Crow” laws were laws that forced separation of races in all public areas. African Americans hoped the US Courts would protect their rights under the 14th and 15th Amendments, but this proved ineffective.

4. However, in the Supreme Court case,______________________, the court ruled that ‘separate but equal’ public facilities did not violate the 14th Amendment. Therefore, African American rights were not protected and “ Jim Crow” segregation continued throughout the South.

5. “The Great_____________” - during the 19th and 20th centuries, many African Americans moved to northern cities seeking jobs in industry and to hopefully escape the poverty and discrimination in the South.

6. Booker T. Washington- accepted social segregation and believed African American equality could be achieved through vocational training. He was a leader of Tuskegee ____________in Alabama. Responses to Discrimination: African American Leaders

7. W.E. B. DuBois- stressed immediate political equality and full civil rights. He believed that education was meaningless without equality. He helped form the NAACP in___________, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

8. ________ B. Wells- led crusades against lynching ( hangings without a trial) and called for the federal government to take action against such illegal acts.

9. II. Progressive Movement • The rapid rise of industrialization and urbanization led to many problems in America. • Many immigrants suffered from poverty, unhealthy living conditions, low paying jobs, child labor and hostility. • Many city governments were often corrupt and police, fire and social services were inadequate. • Progressive reformers worked to solve social and political problems.

10. II. The Progressive Movement • The progressive movement, beginning around 1900, was as an attempt to cure political, economic, and social problems in America. • The movement wished to use government reforms to solve problems created by the rise of industrialization; such as child labor, anti-trust laws, labor unions, and women’s suffrage. • Progressives also wished to create various social reform programs to ensure a basic standard of living for all Americans.

11. The two most famous Progressive presidents were Theodore Roosevelt and ____________Wilson. Roosevelt’s program ( Republican) was called the “Square Deal” 1901-1908 President Teddy Roosevelt

12. Wilson’s program ( Democrat) was called the “New Freedom” 1912-1920 President Woodrow Wilson

13. Impact of the Progressives • In government, there were five reforms attempting to make government more democratic: 1.Referendum 2.Initiative 3.Recall 4.Secret ballot 5. Primary election

14. In State government: • Referendum- a process in which citizens may vote on laws that have been passed by a legislative body. • Initiative- a process in which citizens may propose laws to state and local governments. • _________- a process in which citizens may vote to remove government officials from office. In National government: • Secret ballot- used to protect a voters’ privacy • Primary election- voters nominate candidates for office rather than political party leaders.

15. Other changes • In addition, the 17th Amendment provided for the direct election of_____________. • The Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 made it illegal for any business structure to set up monopolies ( businesses with no competition) that “restrained trade” or monopolized trade.

16. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was not very effective against powerful corporations because it was considered too vague. • In fact, the federal courts actually used the act against labor unions in order to limit the power of unions.

17. The Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914) finally put some authority into anti-trust legislation under President Woodrow Wilson. • The Clayton Anti-__________ Act outlawed price-fixing by corporations and also stated the Sherman Anti-trust Act could not be used against labor unions.

18. In local government, Progressive reforms included: • 1. A commission form of city government • 2. A council/manager form of city government • Today, most cities use the council/manager form of government

19. 19th Amendment • 19th Amendment 1920, this amendment gave women the right to vote.

20. Quick Review • 1. What African American leader stressed immediate political equality and was also a co-founder of the NAACP?

21. 2. What Supreme Court decision ruled that separate but equal public facilities were legal and not a violation of the 14th Amendment.

22. 3. What is the name of the movement that wished to use the government to solve political, economic and social problems in America?

23. 4. What is the term used to describe a reform in state government which allows citizens the right to propose laws to state and local governments?

24. 5. Which Amendment provided a change that allowed the direct election of Senators?

25. 6. Which Amendment in 1920 gave women the right to vote?

26. Muckrakers A new group of journalists emerged that were called Muckrakers=writers that wrote and publicized the abuses of child labor, abuses of companies, as well as social and political evils.

27. Upton _________was the author of a novel called The Jungle -which exposed many corrupt business practices, especially the horrible conditions in the meat packing industry.

28. Another type of journalism emerged called ‘yellow journalism’ = exaggerated stories that that stirred readers emotions and opinions. ( also called the yellow press)

29. Unions emerged to protect workers rights: • Knights of Labor- a union that accepted skilled and non skilled workers • American Federation of Labor- union led by Samuel Gompers- accepted craft and skilled workers only. • American Railway Union-railroad workers, led by socialist Eugene V. Debs International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union- a union attempting to organize women in the textile industry

30. From 1881 to 1900 over 24,000 strikes erupted across the nation. The three most violent were: Haymarket ________ ( Chicago ,1886) - a riot broke out between police and protesters over an 8 hour work day, killing many on both sides. Labor strikes emerged to gain rights Haymarket Riot

31. Homestead Strike- (Homestead, Pennsylvania 1892) • Carnegie AFL __________workers went on strike when Carnegie steel tried to cut wages. Violence broke out between the workers and the Pinkertons (a private police force called in by Carnegie steel) • This was an unsuccessful AFL strike, and the plant was reopened under military protection.

32. Pullman Strike ( 1894) Pullman luxury sleeping car workers were not totally happy with Pullman Town rules established by Pullman. • During the Panic of 1893, wages were cut 25% and some workers were laid off. Workers protested to Pullman but he refused to negotiate and shut down the plant. • The workers turned to the American Railway Union ( ARU-led by Eugene V. Debs). • The ARU joined the Pullman workers, and by 1894 over 240,000 workers were on strike.

33. When the strike interfered with the delivery of mail, railway owners used the Sherman Anti-trust Act to declare that the strike was illegal. President Grover _______________sent in federal troops to end the strike. • This set the precedent that factory owners would use the courts against unions, thus limiting union gains. • It also destroyed the ARU.

34. Union Gains • Unions eventually obtained limited work hours and improved and regulated work conditions.

35. Women and Child Labor • A ____________fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in New York resulted in the death of 141 workers, mostly women . • Such horrible results in such conditions led to improved working conditions for women.

37. In 1916, Progressives had pressured state governments into passing laws limiting the hours that children could work, usually eight to ten hours per day.

38. Quick Review • 1. Who wrote The Jungle, a novel that exposed many corrupt business practices, especially the horrible conditions in the meat packing industry?

39. 2. The newspaper publisher, William Randolph Hurst, often used exaggerated stories in his papers to rouse emotions and sell newspapers. • What is the term used to explain this type of journalism?

40. 3. What strike was against Carnegie steel in 1892 and resulted in the plant being opened under military protection?

41. By the 20th century, European nations had gained control of much of Africa and Asia. III. Imperialism

42. This imperialism (domination of a weaker nation by a more powerful nation) was a result of the need for more natural resources, the rise of nationalism, the rise of militarism, and advances in technology.

43. US Imperialism-Becoming a World Power • By the middle of the 19th century, many American business and political leaders argued for American expansion into international markets. • America became increasingly involved in world affairs in Alaska, Central America, Asia and the ____________area.

44. US begins ‘Global Economy” • There were several ways the US began what was called a Global Economy: • Open ___________ Policy- Under President McKinley and secretary of State John Hay, the US policy stated that all nations would have equal trading rights in China. • ______________Diplomacy- Under President William Howard Taft, this policy urged bankers and businesses to invest in Latin America. The US promised it would protect investments.

45. In 1867, William Seward arranged the US purchase of ______________from Russia. Some were critical of this purchase and called it Seward's Folly or Seward’s icebox. 7.2 million or 1.9cents per acre

46. 1858: US establishes a trade agreement with Japan. 1869- US obtains a coaling station at Midway Island. 1893: Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii is overthrown by planter Sanford __________and US Ambassador Stevens. Hawaii comes under US control. Both Hawaii and Midway were important as naval refueling stations. US Becomes a World Power Queen Liliuokalani

47. 1895- Cuban rebels begin revolt against oppressive ______________rule. Spanish American War 1898

48. The “Yellow Press” led by William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer fan the flames of imperialism and call for US intervention in Cuba. The press also raises US sympathy for Cuban rebels fighting against the Spanish General Wyler.

49. Spanish Minister insults the US President by calling President McKinley weak and feebleminded. USS Maine is sent to Havana harbor USS Maine

50. February_____, 1898- USS Maine explodes in Havana Harbor, killing 264 Americans. Spain is falsely blamed for the explosion. Wreck of the USS Maine