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Mustafa Y.H. Dukeen Ahmed M. El Hindi Ahlam H. Ahmed Hmooda Toto

The First Regional Meeting Global Environmental Facility (GEF) Supported Countries in EMR Muscat, Oman, 6-8 March 2006 Vector Control Situation Within the Context of SC In Sudan. Mustafa Y.H. Dukeen Ahmed M. El Hindi Ahlam H. Ahmed Hmooda Toto.

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Mustafa Y.H. Dukeen Ahmed M. El Hindi Ahlam H. Ahmed Hmooda Toto

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  1. The First Regional Meeting Global Environmental Facility (GEF) Supported Countries in EMR Muscat, Oman, 6-8 March 2006Vector Control Situation Within the Context of SC In Sudan Mustafa Y.H. Dukeen Ahmed M. El Hindi Ahlam H. Ahmed Hmooda Toto

  2. CONTENTS: • Fast Fact on Sudan, • Principle Vectors of Disease & Distribution in Sudan, • Multiple Preventions (Evidence-based & cost effective intervention), • Vector Control Activities According to Stratification, • The Current Vector Control Interventions (tools & methods used), • Pesticide management practices, including policy and legislative frameworks, • The status, quantities and management of obsolete pesticide stockpiles, current constraints and needs, • The existing mechanisms for intersectoral collaboration on vector control.

  3. Fast Fact on Sudan: • Location: G. coordinates: 15 000 N, 30 000 E, • Population: 34,475,690, • Area: . total: 2,505,810 sq km . land: 2,376,000 sq km . water: 129,810 sq km • Climate: tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season (April to October), • River Nile & tributaries: prominent feature.

  4. Vector Control Program Focus: • Principle Vectors of Disease & Their Distribution in Sudan, • The current vector control interventions (tools & methods); • The pesticide management practices, • The status, quantities & management of obsolete pesticide stockpiles (current constraints & needs); • The existing mechanisms for intersectoral collaboration on vector control;

  5. Principle Vectors of Disease & Their Distribution in Sudan 1. Malaria Vectors : Anopheles arabiensis:all over country, arid zones, Anopheles gambiae:more humid & forested habitats, Anopheles funestus :more humid & forested habitat, Anophelespharoensis & Anophelesnili:potential vectors

  6. Principle Vectors of Disease & Their Distribution in Sudan 2. Leishmaniasis Vectors : Phlebotomus papatasi:savannah & desert fridges Phlebotomus orientalis:Gedarif, Sennar, Blue Nile, Unity & Old Upper Nile States 3. OnchocerciasisVectors : Simulum damnosum & S. surbanum: South westSudan (Bahr El Ghazal & Bahr Al Arab mainly) & Abu hamad focus,

  7. Principle Vectors of Disease & Their Distribution in Sudan 4.Trypansomiasis Vectors (Gambiensis & Rhodesiensis): Glossina palpalis ,G.moristans & G. foscus: Mainly riverine & forest habitats in Southern Sudan, 5. Other vector-borne diseases: • Bancroftian filariasis : (mosquitoes), • Arboviruses: (mosquitoes mainly), • Other vectors/pests of PH importance: flies …

  8. The Current Vector Control Interventions (tools and methods used)

  9. Malaria & Other VBDs Control Malaria & Other VBDs Control is based on: a variety of strategies to respond to the epidemiological heterogeneity of the disease

  10. Malaria & other VBDs Burden in Sudan • > 50% of malaria cases in EMR reported from Sudan • The whole country is endemic with malaria • All population at risk of malaria • 80% of population live in epidemic-prone areas • Annual records on malaria accounts for: - 7.5 - 8.0 million cases - 35000 deaths - Loss in working days - Treatment cost Other VBDs (Leishmaniasis, Onchocerciasis, A. Sleeping Sickness and recently Y.F. & D.F.

  11. Vector Control Management Strategies: IVM implementation: • Main IVM components according to stratification: ITNs, IRS, chemical Larviciding environmental & IPT. • Focus at present: ITNs & DDT alternatives on VBDs control • Implementation limitations: budget availability • Malaria Control annual budget ~ 3.2 million US$ . VC comprising ~ 1/3 of the overall budget, . Proportion of ann. local budget ~ 1.92 m US$ . Proportion of ann. Exter. budget ~ 1.28m US$ • Monitoring & Evaluation • Operational Research

  12. Multiple Prevention(Evidence-based & cost effective intervention): • Scale up ITNs • Expand IPT use • Selective Vector Control Options based on local Epidemiological Stratification : IRS: Indoor Residual Spraying CL: Chemical Larviciding EM: Environmental Management SIT: Sterile Insect Technique Biological Control (BC)

  13. perineal Irrigated Seasonal Urban stratification Desert INTERVENTIONS

  14. INSECTICIDES RESISTANCE ASSESSMENT Summery Of Results: last update; 2006 • Malathion : effective* all over the country except Kassala, GZR, KRT & SEN States • Fenitrothion : effective* all over the country • Deltamethrin : effective* all over the country • Permethrin: effective* all over the country except KRT • DDT : Effective all over the country except ; KRT,GZR, Kassala & States (restricted). • Bendiocarb : effective* all over the country * > 98% mortality among tested mosquitoes ( An. arabiensis )

  15. Summery Results of Insecticides’ Susceptibility Tests at Khartoum, January 2006

  16. Summery Results of Insecticides’ Susceptibility Tests at Khartoum, January 2006 (contin.)

  17. Summery Results of Insecticides’ Susceptibility Tests at Khartoum, January 2006 (contin.)

  18. Summery Results of Insecticides’ Susceptibility Tests at Khartoum state, Oct. –Dec..,‘05

  19. Summery Results of Insecticides’ Susceptibility Tests at northern state-Dongola, Jan 06.

  20. Summery Results of Insecticides’ Susceptibility Tests at New Halfa, Oct. –Dec.,‘05

  21. Insecticide Resistance Management • Use chemicals only when and where needed (IVM) • Continuous use of a single product • A shift to an other insecticide based on Resistance • Rotation & mosaic ( Agr. & P.H. Gezira St.) • Collaboration with Agriculture

  22. Pesticide Management Practices (policy & legislative frameworks)

  23. Pesticide Regulations in SudanPesticide Act • Pesticide Act / 1974 amended to Pesticide and Pest Control Act / 1994; • Regulates all activities related to pesticides import, transport, storage, uses, formulation …etc; • NPC ; a multidisciplinary inter-ministerial committee, which includes representatives of all stakeholders; responsible for regulating Agric., Health and Vet. Pesticides, • Chaired by Under Secretary of the Ministry of Agriculture & DG of PPD as repertoire and Registrar; • Registrar is responsible for all administrative and executive functions; • Abroad umbrella law with various explanations and specific details dealt with in seven relevant bylaws;

  24. Pesticide Regulation in SudanPesticide Bylaws, • Trading and organization of the commercial handling of pesticides and pest control products bylaw for the year 2002; • Pesticides and pest control products inspection bylaw for the year2002; • Organization of the storage and transport of pesticides and pest control products bylaw for the year 2002; • Protection of personnel dealing with pesticides and pest control products bylaw for the year 2002; • Importation of pesticides and pest control products bylaw for the year 2002; • Registration of pesticides and pest control products bylaw for the year 2002; • Formulation of pesticides and pest control products bylaw for the year 2002;

  25. The Registration System of Pesticides in Sudan: • Form 1 for provisional registration submitted to NPC registrar; • The NPC passes the form to the technical committee to review the information and either recommends to the NPC to reject or accept the provisional registration of the pesticide; • Approval of provisional registration by NPC; • Test by relevant research institutions under local conditions; • Results of the test shall be approved by the NPDC which either recommends (or rejects) to the NPC the registration for commercial use; • NPC reviews the recommendation of the NPDC and either approves it or rejects. • Product registered for commercial use;

  26. Registration System of Pesticides in Sudan: • Method of testing should follow the approved protocol; • Residues of the product tested in edible crops and/or the environment should be within acceptable limits; • Standard treatment (s) must be included in every field assay and the standard should be an already registered product; • Test products are only recommended if their biological performance is as good as or better than that of the standard products;

  27. Registration Chart Commercial registration (form II and IV) Import & Formulation license Application for provisional registration (form 1) Approval of commercial registration by NPC Review and recommendation by the Technical committee of the NPC Review of results of field testing by NPDC and recommendation for commercial registration Consider the recommendation of the Technical committee by the NPC Field testing for 3 months to 3 years (form III and V for importation of samples for testing) Provisional registration

  28. The Status, Quantities andManagement of Obsolete PesticideStockpiles

  29. Summary of Quantities POPS Pesticides, Contaminated Soil & Containers in Sudan* In addition to 901 Tonsofcotton seeds dressed with POPs Pesticides *Source: Multi-stake-holders National Coordinating Committee (MNCC) Inventory Report (2005)

  30. Quantities of Inventoried POPS Pesticides, Contaminated Soil & Containers Items in Different States of Sudan (2005)

  31. Quantities of Inventoried POPS Pesticides, Contaminated Soil & Containers Items in Different States of Sudan (2005)

  32. Quantities of Inventoried POPS Pesticides, Contaminated Soil & Containers Items in Different States of Sudan (2005)

  33. Current Status, Constraints & Needs • Stockpiles of pesticides for public health use are not creating a problem at present • Main stockpiles are agricultural pesticides • Storage is poor, • All stockpiles are piled together, • Hence contamination of the total estimated quantity is inevitable • No facility for local disposal, International efforts needed

  34. The Existing Mechanisms for Intersectoral Collaboration on Vector Control

  35. Existing Mechanisms for Intersectoral Collaboration on Vector Control in Sudan • Coordination: Federal Ministry Of Health( National Malaria Control Program, Occupational Health Dept. & State M. of Health) • Multidisciplinary National Pesticide Council ( NPC):Federal Ministry Of Health, Ministry Of Agriculture &Ministry Of Environment And Tourism,responsible for developing regulations governing use of all insecticides, including DDT, • Cooperation: Ministry Of Agriculture & Ministry of Irrigation, water management, • Partnership: Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Community-based organizations (Sudanese Women Union (SWU) & Private Sector e.g. ITNs,

  36. Sudan National Inter- Sectoral Committee for Vector Control Needs Assessment (VCNA) FEDRAL M. OF HEALTH M. OF ENVIRONMENT & TOURISM STATE M. OF HEALTH RESOURCE PERSON(S) Vector Control (IVM) Community-based Organizations (Sudanese Women Union) MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE WATER RESOURCES ACADEMIA Pesticides Company M.of Science & Technology UN Agencies NGOs

  37. thank you

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