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The Space Sector and International Trade

This report from the OECD examines the space sector and its relationship to international trade. It provides analysis and recommendations to policymakers for a sustainable space infrastructure. The report covers various aspects of the space economy, including goods, services, budgets, R&D, human capital, and patents. It also addresses challenges in data collection and provides statistics and indicators on the space economy.

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The Space Sector and International Trade

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  1. OECD Global Forum on Space Economics10 (e): The Space Sector and International Trade – An OECD/SG/AU reportPierre-Alain Schieb, Claire Jolly Joint 8th International Trade Statistics (ITS) and Trade in Services (TIS) Session Session 10 - Paris, 8 September 2007

  2. Advisory Unit to the Secretary-General (SGE/AU) International Futures Programme (IFP) • Multidisciplinary team, created in 1990, reporting directly to the Secretary-General of the OECD • Mission = Identify and explore emerging policy issues (management of new emerging risks, the security economy, the bio-economy…) • Participation / Project Funding = Involvement of governmental bodies and private actors in each (self-financed) project

  3. OECD and the Space Sector • 2 year IFP Futures Project “The Commercialisation of Space and the Development of Space Infrastructure: The Role of Public and Private Actors” (2002-2004) • Results = 2 OECD publications and recommendations to policy-makers for a sustainable space infrastructure 2004 2005

  4. New Mandate (2006-2008) • Demand from governments for further OECD work on space statistics and indicators • 9 organisations (key space agencies, other institutions…) joining in the OECD Global Space Forum • Objective = collect and evaluate existing data and socio-economic indicators, to provide evidence-based analysis and assist agencies/governments in shaping policies to contribute to ensuring that the potential of space is more fully realised

  5. The space economy embraces: “All public and private actors involved in providing space-enabled products and services. It comprises a long value-added chain, starting with the manufacturers of space hardware (e.g. launch vehicles, satellites, ground stations) and ending with the providers of space-enabled products (e.g. navigation equipment, satellite phones) and services (e.g. satellite-based meteorological services or direct-to-home video services) to final users.” Defining the Space Economy Source: OECD (2007), The Space Economy at A Glance, OECD, Paris

  6. First OECD publication to look at the space sector to be released in Oct. 2007 Statistics and Indicators on the Space Economy Examine multiple aspects of the Space Economy e.g. Goods, Services, Budgets, R&D, Human Capital, Patents… Diverse Data Sources: Both Official and Unofficial Official: OECD and Governments (e.g. NSOs and space agencies) Unofficial: Industry Associations (e.g. GIFAS, AIA) and Private Consultants Coverage: OECD: include all major OECD players non-OECD: include Russia, China, India, others “The Space Economy at a Glance”

  7. A significant and expanding high-tech sector • Relatively few countries are producers of space-related goods, but many are customers/users (e.g. meteorology) • Economic estimates on the sector vary widely (lack of internationally comparable data) • Worldwide institutional budgets of around USD 45 billion in 2005 for OECD countries alone (probably more with unpublished defence-related programmes) • Commercial revenues from space-derived products and services around USD 110-120 billion in 2006 worldwide (“small” upstream activities, i.e. rocket manufacturing vs. “large” downstream activities, telecom, navigation) • Underlying trend in the space economy is one of growth

  8. Downstream space activities (applications) often much larger than upstream segment (manufacturing), e.g. UK

  9. Globalisation of Trade in Space Products and Services • Focus: OECD countries • International Trade in Commodity Statistics (ITCS) database • Two Harmonized System (HS) codes employed which indicate “space-related” elements (but not only): • (1) HS880260 (“Spacecraft, including satellites, and suborbital and spacecraft launch vehicles”); and • (2) HS880390 (“Parts of balloons, dirigibles, and spacecraft not elsewhere specified”).

  10. Figure 1. Amount and share of OECD space products exports, 2004 (Exports in millions of current US dollars and as a percentage of OECD total ) Exports in 2004: USD 3.74 billion (total for the two HS codes) Source: OECD (2007), The Space Economy at A Glance, OECD, Paris Note: Data derived from the OECD/UN International Trade in Commodity Statistics (ITCS) database, April 2007

  11. Figure 2. OECD Exports of Space Products 1996-2004 (Exports in billions of current US dollars) Source: OECD (2007), The Space Economy at A Glance, OECD, Paris Note: Data derived from the OECD/UN International Trade in Commodity Statistics (ITCS) database, April 2007

  12. Challenges to overcome in data collection • Trade: two codes, one of the two includes non-space and space, not available in all countries • Dual use activities: some space-related products are considered sensitive and are not traded / or may be exported under strict technology transfers regimes (i.e. Wassenaar Arrangement) • High level of data aggregation: aerospace vs. space; manufacturing versus services • Confidentiality: One / few companies for country • Non-OECD countries: Obtaining trade-related data difficult

  13. Next steps for space-related statistics & indicators • Towards a list of space-related indicators comparable internationally… • Choice of Space Forum Steering Group members • Contacts with NSOs, industry associations • Need to drill down on TRADE in downstream space-related services (telecom industry, GPS industry…)

  14. What can be done at OECD level? • We have a pilot group of interested parties within OECD Forum on Space Economics with assistance from NS0s on a voluntary basis • Current developments at ISIC level (Revision 4) with satellite communications activities better represented (i.e. new Class 6130) • Probably some interesting experience in terms of trade in ICT sector? • Lessons learned from ICT sector?

  15. Problematic of Pinpointing to Specific Application e.g. GPS devices • HS Codes: • 90.14 Direction finding compasses; other navigational instruments and appliances. • 9014.10 - Direction finding compasses • 9014.20 - Instruments and appliances for aeronautical or space navigation (other than compasses) • 9014.80 - Other instruments and appliances (incl. Instruments and apparatus of 9014.80, used solely or principally with an automatic data processing machine of a kind used on sea-going vessels) • 9014.90 - Parts and accessories • We are interested in possible experiences from delegates (e.g. ICT sector…)

  16. Thank you. Pierre-Alain Schieb Counsellor, Head Futures Projects pierre-alain.schieb@oecd.org Claire Jolly Policy Analyst claire.jolly@oecd.org More information: www.oecd.org/futures

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