The Chemistry of Life

1. 1 The Chemistry of Life

2. 2 Organic Chemistry • Study of Compounds that contain Carbon. • Why is carbon so interesting? Carbon has the ability to form more compounds than any other element.

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4. 4 Pure Carbon Molecules Diamond Graphite

5. 5 What are we composed of? Atoms Compounds Macromolecules Cell Nucleus DNA Ribosomes Endomembrane Organelles Elements Covalent bonds Carbon compounds Functional groups Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates Nucleic acid

6. What are we composed of?-We have structure- 8

7. 7 Macromolecules of Life 4 basic Molecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

8. 8 Carbohydrates

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10. 10 Carbohydrates • Provide energy to living cells. • Main Source of energy. • Structural Components: CHO 1:2:1 ratio • The name carbohydrate means "watered carbon" or carbon with attached water molecules.

11. 11 Vocabulary • Monomer- Single unit • Polymer- many units

12. 12 This is PAUL LEMUR. He's a lemur named Paul. JOKE BREAK

13. 13 Monosaccharides one sugar unit Ex: Galactose-milk C6H12O6 “Saccharide” means sugar.

14. 14 What molecule will this make? Disacchrides two sugars

15. 15 Condensation and Hydrolysis • Condensation: two monomers come together and one molecule of water is formed WATER Forms

16. 16 Hydrolysis • “water splitting”

17. 17 Polysaccharides • “Many sugars” • Glycogen (pictured) • Glycogen functions as a fuel store in animals.-Large amounts are stored in liver and muscle and maintain circulating blood glucose levels between meals.

18. Starch is the fuel stored in plants 23 Viewed under a microscope, the starch grains in these plants cells are visible as small dots.

19. Plant Cell Walls • Cellulose found in plant cell walls. • Cellulose is astructural carbohydrate in plants. 19

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21. 21 LIPIDS

22. 22 Lipids • Two main Functions • Energy Storage -more energy than carbohydrates • Cushions and insulates the body and nerves • Examples: Fats, Oils, Waxes

23. 23 • Structure of Lipids • Glycerol backbone w/ 3 fatty acid chains

24. 24 Structure of Lipids Glycerol backbone w/ 3 fatty acid chains

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26. 26 Lipids Cell membranes are made of phospholipids

27. 27 Proteins

28. 28 Proteins Functions • Transport molecules • Hemoglobin transports oxygen • Storage molecules • Iron stored in the liver in a protein complex • Mechanical support • Skin and bones contain collagen • Antibodies in the immune system • Hormones • Clip

29. 29 Elements in Proteins Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sometimes Sulfur

30. 30 Proteins are chains of amino acids

31. 31 PROTEINS CLIP

32. Sickle Cell Anemia: The incorrect amino acid sequence in a protein may lead to fatal consequences. For example, the inherited disease, sickle cell anemia, results from a single incorrect amino acid at the 6th position of the beta - protein chain out of 146. 32

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34. 34 Enzymes • Are Proteins • speed up chemical reactions • These reactions would take place anyway…enzymes just speed them up! • They are catalysts!

35. Substrates molecules that bind to specific enzymes to make them work Each substrate fits into an area of the enzyme called the active site. It is like a lock-and-key mechanism.

36. 36 Binding Specificity Enzymes can only bind to certain molecules

37. 37 • How fast or slow the enzyme works depends on: • the concentration of the enzyme. • pH • Temperature

38. 38 Nucleic Acids

39. 39 Nucleotides consist of a phosphate group, a sugar and a "nitrogeneous base." There are four types of nitrogeneous base.

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42. EOCT PRACTICE QUESTION

43. Food is commonly refrigerated at temperatures of 2° C to 7° C to slow the rate of spoilage by bacteria. Which of the following best explains why refrigeration at these temperatures slows the spoilage of food? A Bacteria that cause food spoilage are killed by these low temperatures. B Bacteria that cause food spoilage multiply rapidly at these temperatures. C The enzymes in bacteria that cause food spoilage are not active at these temperatures. D The enzymes in bacteria that cause food spoilage are denatured at these temperatures.