The Human Body: An Orientation

1. The Human Body: An Orientation

2. Introduction • Modern medicine began long ago with observations on function and malfunction of human body • At first this interest was fueled by injuries and illnesses • First healers relied of superstitions and magic • Over time they discovered useful ways of treating and examining the body • They noticed how wounds healed, effects of injuries, examined cadavers for causes of deaths • Discovered herbs & potions could heal and have affects on body

3. Introduction • As techniques for making accurate records of observations knowledge expanded rapidly

4. The Human Body—An Orientation Anatomy • Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology • Study of how the body and its parts work or function

5. Anatomy & Physiology • Difficult to separate the two • Structures of body parts are so closely related to function • Combination of all body parts make a well organized unit – The Human Organism • Each body parts function is dependent on how it is constructed or structure. • ie: hand with all small bones, tendons make it easy to grip. Heart with chambers make it a pump. Teeth shaped for cutting, chewing

6. Anatomy Physiology • As science has improved new things in the body are being discovered, even today • Tissue regeneration • T-cells • Discovery of new tissues that may bridge impulses between spine and head muscles may cause headaches

7. Anatomy—Levels of Study • Gross anatomy • Large structures • Easily observable Figure 14.1

8. Anatomy—Levels of Study • Microscopic Anatomy • Very small structures • Can only be viewed with a microscope Figure 14.4c–d

9. Smooth muscle cell Molecules Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules Atoms Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules Smoothmuscletissue Tissue levelTissues consist ofsimilar types of cells Epithelialtissue Smoothmuscletissue Bloodvessel(organ) Organismal levelHuman organismsare made up of manyorgan systems Cardio-vascularsystem Connectivetissue Organ levelOrgans are made upof different typesof tissues Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1

10. Molecules Atoms Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 1

11. Molecules • Form complex structures of: • Proteins • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Nucleic Acids

12. Smooth muscle cell Molecules Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules Atoms Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 2

13. Smooth muscle cell Molecules Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules Atoms Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules Smoothmuscletissue Tissue levelTissues consist ofsimilar types of cells Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 3

14. Smooth muscle cell Molecules Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules Atoms Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules Smoothmuscletissue Tissue levelTissues consist ofsimilar types of cells Epithelialtissue Smoothmuscletissue Bloodvessel(organ) Connectivetissue Organ levelOrgans are made upof different typesof tissues Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 4

15. Smooth muscle cell Molecules Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules Atoms Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules Smoothmuscletissue Tissue levelTissues consist ofsimilar types of cells Epithelialtissue Smoothmuscletissue Bloodvessel(organ) Cardio-vascularsystem Connectivetissue Organ levelOrgans are made upof different typesof tissues Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 5

16. Smooth muscle cell Molecules Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules Atoms Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules Smoothmuscletissue Tissue levelTissues consist ofsimilar types of cells Epithelialtissue Smoothmuscletissue Bloodvessel(organ) Organismal levelHuman organismsare made up of manyorgan systems Cardio-vascularsystem Connectivetissue Organ levelOrgans are made upof different typesof tissues Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 6

17. Organ System Overview • Integumentary • Forms the external bodycovering • Protects deeper tissue frominjury • Helps regulate body temperature • Location of cutaneousnerve receptors Figure 1.2a

18. Organ System Overview • Skeletal • Protects and supportsbody organs • Provides muscleattachment for movement • Site of blood cellformation • Stores minerals Figure 1.2b

19. Organ System Overview • Muscular • Produces movement • Maintains posture • Produces heat Figure 1.2c

20. Organ System Overview • Nervous • Fast-acting controlsystem • Responds to internal andexternal change • Activates muscles andglands Figure 1.2d

21. Organ System Overview • Endocrine • Secretes regulatoryhormones • Growth • Reproduction • Metabolism Figure 1.2e

22. Review Questions • What is the study of Anatomy? • What is the study of Physiology • How are they similar or different? • What are the two levels of study in Anatomy? • The smallest structural level in the body is made up of what? • What are the four basic elements in the body that are made up of complex molecules? • Explain the six structural levels that make up the human organism. • List the 5 different systems of the body along with their function.

23. The Human Body: An Orientation

24. Systems Review • Integumentary • Skeletal • Muscular • Nervous • Endocrine

25. Organ System Overview • Cardiovascular • Transports materials in bodyvia blood pumped by heart • Oxygen • Carbon dioxide • Nutrients • Wastes Figure 1.2f

26. Organ System Overview • Lymphatic • Returns fluids to blood vessels • Cleanses the blood • Involved in immunity Figure 1.2g

27. Organ System Overview • Respiratory • Keeps blood supplied with oxygen • Removes carbon dioxide Figure 1.2h

28. Organ System Overview • Digestive • Breaks down food • Allows for nutrient absorption into blood • Eliminates indigestible material Figure 1.2i

29. Organ System Overview • Urinary • Eliminates nitrogenous wastes • Maintains acid-base balance • Regulates water and electrolytes Figure 1.2j

30. Organ System Overview • Reproductive • Produces offspring Figure 1.2k–l

31. Review Work • Using you Work Packet “The Human Body: An Orientation”, please answer questions numbered 1 – 7 on pages 1 – 6.

32. Necessary Life Functions- Characteristics of Life • Maintain boundaries – Growth without change in shape or boundaries • Movement • Locomotion • Movement of substances • Responsiveness • Ability to sense changes and react. Reaction to change in and out of body • Digestion • Break-down and absorption of nutrients

33. Necessary Life Functions- Characteristics of Life • Circulation – Movement of substances in fluids • Metabolism—chemical reactions within the body • Produces energy • Makes body structures • Excretion • Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions

34. Necessary Life Functions- Charecterisitcs of Life • Reproduction • Produces future generation • Growth • Increases cell size and number of cells

35. Survival Needs – Maintenance of Life • Food - Nutrients • Chemicals for energy and cell building • Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals • Oxygen • Required for chemical reactions

36. Survival Needs • Water • 60–80% of body weight • Provides environment for metabolic reactions • Stable body temperature • Maintain Pressures – application of force to something • Atmospheric Pressure - Must be appropriate for breathing • Hydrostatic pressure – pressure asserted by force of water – Blood Pressure

37. Maintenance of Life • Although all elements are required (Oxygen, food, water, heat, pressure) – these factors are not enough to sustain life • Both Quantities and Qualities are important. • ie: volumes of water in cells must be regulated • Amount of O2 must be regulated • Concentrations must be maintained

38. Interrelationships Among Body Systems – Balance must be maintained Figure 1.3

39. Homeostasis • Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal environment • A dynamic state of equilibrium • Homeostasis is necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life • Homeostatic imbalance • A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

40. Variable(in homeostasis) Figure 1.4, step 1a

41. Receptor (sensor) Changedetectedby receptor Stimulus:Produceschangein variable Imbalance Variable(in homeostasis) Imbalance Figure 1.4, step 2

42. Input:Informationsent alongafferentpathway to Controlcenter Receptor (sensor) Changedetectedby receptor Stimulus:Produceschangein variable Imbalance Variable(in homeostasis) Imbalance Figure 1.4, step 3

43. Input:Informationsent alongafferentpathway to Controlcenter Output:Information sentalong efferentpathway to activate Effector Receptor (sensor) Changedetectedby receptor Stimulus:Produceschangein variable Imbalance Variable(in homeostasis) Imbalance Figure 1.4, step 4

44. Input:Informationsent alongafferentpathway to Controlcenter Output:Information sentalong efferentpathway to activate Effector Receptor (sensor) Changedetectedby receptor Response ofeffector feedsback toinfluencemagnitude ofstimulus andreturns variableto homeostasis Stimulus:Produceschangein variable Imbalance Variable(in homeostasis) Imbalance Figure 1.4, step 5

45. Maintaining Homeostasis • The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems • Receptor • Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) • Sends information to control center • Maintain a Set Point - a particular value that needs to be maintained in the body, ie: temp. 98.6

46. Maintaining Homeostasis • Control center • Determines set point • Analyzes information • Determines appropriate response • Effector • Provides a means for response to the stimulus

47. Feedback Mechanisms • Positive feedback • Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther • In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby

48. Review Questions. • Using the workbook packet, please answer questions numbered 8 – 10 on pages 7 & 8.

49. The Human Body: An Orientation

50. The Language of Anatomy • Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding • Exact terms are used for • Position • Direction • Regions • Structures