Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation Part B Shilla Chakrabarty, Ph.D.

1. Chapter 1 The Human Body: An OrientationPart BShilla Chakrabarty, Ph.D.

2. The Compound Light Microscope

3. Anatomical Position • Standard anatomical body position: • Body erect • Feet slightly apart • Palms facing forward

4. Body Positions • Supine position Body lying down with face up • Prone position Body lying with face down

5. Table 1.1

6. Table 1.1

7. Table 1.1

8. Table 1.1

9. Table 1.1

10. Regional Terms Regional terms designate specific areas Two major divisions of body: • Axial • Head, neck, and trunk • Appendicular • Limbs

11. Upper limb Cephalic Acromial Frontal Brachial (arm) Orbital Antecubital Nasal Antebrachial (forearm) Oral Mental Carpal (wrist) Cervical Manus (hand) Thoracic Palmar Axillary Pollex Mammary Digital Sternal Abdominal Lower limb Umbilical Coxal (hip) Pelvic Femoral (thigh) Inguinal (groin) Patellar Crural (leg) Fibular or peroneal Pubic (genital) Pedal (foot) Tarsal (ankle) Thorax Metatarsal Abdomen Digital Back (Dorsum) Hallux (a) Anterior/Ventral Figure 1.7a

12. Upper limb Cephalic Otic Acromial Occipital (back of head) Brachial (arm) Olecranal Cervical Antebrachial (forearm) Back (dorsal) Manus (hand) Scapular Metacarpal Vertebral Digital Lumbar Lower limb Sacral Femoral (thigh) Gluteal Popliteal Perineal (between anus and external genitalia) Sural (calf) Fibular or peroneal Pedal (foot) Thorax Abdomen Back (Dorsum) Calcaneal Plantar (b) Posterior/Dorsal Figure 1.7b

13. Body Planes Plane: Flat surface along which body or structure is cut for anatomical study • Sagittal plane: Divides body vertically into right and left parts; produces a sagittal section • Midsagittal (median) plane: Lies on midline • Parasagittal plane: Not on midline • Frontal (coronal) plane: Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts • Transverse (horizontal) plane: Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts; produces a cross section • Oblique section: Cuts made diagonally

14. Body Planes Frontal plane Median (midsagittal) plane Transverse plane (a) Frontal section (through torso) (b) Transverse section (through torso, inferior view) (c) Median section (midsagittal) Pancreas Aorta Spleen Liver Spinal cord Intestines Rectum Spleen Left and right lungs Liver Heart Body wall Vertebral column Stomach Arm Subcutaneous fat layer Figure 1.8

15. Body Positions

16. Anatomical Variability • Over 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook descriptions, but: • Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of place • Small muscles may be missing Variations Of The Superior Thyroid Artery

17. Body Cavities • Dorsal cavity: Protects nervous system Subdivisions are: • Cranial cavity: Encases the brain • Vertebral cavity: Encases spinal cord • Ventral cavity: Houses internal organs Subdivisions are: • Thoracic cavity • Abdominopelvic cavity

18. Body Cavities Cranial cavity Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity Cranial cavity (contains brain) Vertebral cavity Superior mediastinum Dorsal body cavity Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities) Diaphragm Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Abdomino- pelvic cavity Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) (a) Lateral view (b) Anterior view Figure 1.9a-b

19. Ventral Body Cavities Thoracic cavity subdivisions: • Two pleural cavities • Each houses a lung • Mediastinum • Contains the pericardial cavity • Surrounds thoracic organs • Pericardial cavity • Encloses heart

20. Ventral Body Cavities Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions: • Abdominal cavity • Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver • Pelvic cavity • Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

21. Body Cavities Cranial cavity Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity Cranial cavity (contains brain) Vertebral cavity Superior mediastinum Dorsal body cavity Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities) Diaphragm Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Abdomino- pelvic cavity Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) (a) Lateral view (b) Anterior view Figure 1.9a-b

22. Serous Membrane (Serosa) Outer balloon wall (comparable to parietal serosa) Air (comparable to serous cavity) Serosa: • Covering membranes for body cavities that do not open to the exterior • Thin, double-layered membrane separated by serous fluid • Parietal serosa lines internal body walls • Visceral serosa covers the internal organs Inner balloon wall (comparable to visceral serosa) Heart Parietal pericardium Pericardial space with serous fluid Visceral pericardium (b) The serosae associated with the heart. Figure 1.10a-b

23. Outer balloon wall (comparable to parietal serosa) Air (comparable to serous cavity) Inner balloon wall (comparable to visceral serosa) Heart Parietal pericardium Pericardial space with serous fluid Visceral pericardium (b) The serosae associated with the heart. Figure 1.10a-b

24. Abdominopelvic Quadrants Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) Figure 1.11

25. Abdominopelvic Regions Diaphragm Liver Right hypochondriac region Left hypochondriac region Epigastric region Stomach Gallbladder Transverse colon of large intestine Ascending colon of large intestine Right lumbar region Left lumbar region Umbilical region Descending colon of large intestine Small intestine Cecum Initial part of sigmoid colon Right iliac (inguinal) region Hypogastric (pubic) region Left iliac (inguinal) region Appendix Urinary bladder (a) Nine regions delineated by four planes (b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs Figure 1.12

26. Other Body Cavities • Oral and digestive cavities • Nasal cavity • Orbital cavities • Middle ear cavities • Synovial cavities