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REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT FOR UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES

REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT FOR UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES. Presented by John Monk Principal Aeronautical Engineer 10 th July 2017. Definitions. UAVs = Unmanned Air Vehicles – still used in industry UAS = Unmanned Aerial Systems – still used in industry Drones = the media’s name for UAVs

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REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT FOR UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES

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  1. REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT FOR UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES Presented by John Monk Principal Aeronautical Engineer 10th July 2017

  2. Definitions • UAVs = Unmanned Air Vehicles – still used in industry • UAS = Unmanned Aerial Systems – still used in industry • Drones = the media’s name for UAVs • RPA = Remotely-piloted aircraft – ICAO definition • RPAS = Remotely-piloted aircraft system – ICAO definition

  3. Introduction • Background - ICAO (The International Civil Aviation Organisation) • CAA and Part 101 Regulations: Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems • General provisions • Approval and registration • Personnel licensing • RPAS operating certificate • RPAS operations • Maintenance • Current RPAS situation

  4. ICAO (The International Civil Aviation Organisation) RPAS are a new component of the aviation system, one which ICAO, States, international organizations and industry are working to understand, define and ultimately integrate into non-segregated airspace. The goal of ICAO in addressing RPAS is to provide an international regulatory framework through Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs), procedures and guidance material, keeping in mind that introduction of remotely piloted aircraft into non-segregated airspace and at aerodromes should in no way increase safety risks to manned aircraft. ICAO

  5. ICAO - SIX BASIC TIPS FOR SAFE UAS OPERATIONS

  6. ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organisation) Civil Aviation Act, No 13 of 2009 Civil Aviation Regulations SA-CATS (Technical Standards) AIC (Aeronautical Information Circular) TGM – Technical Guidance Material

  7. Eighth Amendment of the Civil Aviation Regulations, 2015 On the 1st July 2015 the CAA’s new RPA related regulations, Part 101: Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems came into effect: Consists of Six Sub-parts: Subpart 1: General provisions Subpart 2: Approval and registration Subpart 3: Personnel licensing Subpart 4: RPAS operating certificate Subpart 5: RPAS operations Subpart 6: Maintenance

  8. Eighth Amendment Of The Civil Aviation Regulations, 2015 • Civil Aviation Regulations (CARs) and Technical Standards (CATS) • Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems – Part 101 • South African Technical Standards – SA-CATS 101 • Aeronautical Information Circulars: • AIC 007-2015: Remotely Pilot’s Licence: Training, Examination and Application for RPL Requirements • AIC 008-2015: Aviation Training Organisations Conducting RPAS Training • AIC 009-2015: General exemption granted by the Director of Civil Aviation from the requirements of Part 101 pertaining to private operations • Technical Guidance Material for Part 101: • TGM for RPAS PART 101 • RPAS Letter of Approval • Personnel Licensing • RLA Maintenance Programme

  9. RPAS Regulations (Part 101) Sub-part 1, General RPAS Classifications h - means height above the surface E - Energy at impact Note: All operations are limited to radio line-of-sight unless otherwise approved by the Director of SACAA (DCA).

  10. RPAS Regulations (Part 101) Sub-part 1, General Currently focussed on Class 1 and 2 systems * Applicable to persons acting as owners, operators, observers, pilots and who maintain RPA. For the purposes of this Part, RPAS may be operated for commercial operations, corporate operations, non-profit operations and private operations. This Part does not apply to autonomous unmanned aircraft, unmanned free balloons and their operations or other types of aircraft which cannot be managed on a real-time basis during flight such as aircraft operated in terms of Part 94, model aircraft and toy aircraft. * Or the approval of the Director of SACAA (DCA) is required

  11. RPAS Regulations (Part 101) Sub-part 1, General Sale of RPAS in South Africa No RPA shall be sold within the Republic unless the seller has, by way of a packaging label, or in the case of the resale thereof, by way of written notification, notified the buyer of the requirements as prescribed in Document SA-CATS 101

  12. RPAS Regulations (Part 101) Sub-part 2, RPAS Registration Registration and marking The RPA has to have been issued with a certificate of registration by DCA before any operations can be carried out and the nationality mark designated for use on RPA as prescribed in document SA-CATS 101 shall have been attached.

  13. RPAS Regulations (Part 101) Sub-part 2, RPAS Approval RPAS letter of approval A letter of approval (a RLA) must have been issued by DCA before any operations may commence. The applicant would have to have complied with all the prescribed requirements. An RLA is valid for a period of 12 months from date of issue. RPAS system safety An applicant must provide documentation regarding the standards to which the RPAS was designed or the equivalent documentation that demonstrates a level of safety acceptable to the Director or documentation demonstrating system safety as prescribed in Document SA-CATS 101 Evaluation process Submitted documentation should substantiate that the RPAS in question is capable of being operated safely for the work for which it will be deployed.

  14. RPAS Regulations (Part 101) Sub-part 6, Maintenance RPAS maintenance The applicant must maintain the RPA in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, via actions or inspections. This maintenance programme has to be approved by DCA. The maintenance on an RPA or any component thereof can be carried out by the ROC holder for Class 2 and lower systems, provided that the holder can demonstrate its ability to perform the required maintenance to the satisfaction of DCA. The maintenance of a Class 3 and higher RPA requires a valid RMT authorisation. A Maintenance technician should be no less than 18 years of age, a South African citizen or in possession of a permanent residence permit or temporary work permit with a letter of employment. He/she should have successfully completed appropriate training.

  15. RPAS Regulations (Part 101) Sub-part 3, Personnel Licensing • No person may act as a remote pilot, except when undergoing a skills test or receiving flight instruction, unless they are in possession of a valid remote pilot’s licence (RPL) in the relevant category. • Pilot’s Licence: • Prior to making any application with SACAA, an applicant should obtain aviation training from an approved training organisation (ATO). • There are currently four ATOs as of 7 July 2017 - from the CAA website. • An applicant must: • be less than 18 years of age • hold a current medical assessment • meet theoretical requirements as per SA-CATS 101 • pass the RPL practical assessment. • pass at least a restricted Radiotelephony Examination • achieve English Language Proficiency (ELP) level 4 or higher

  16. RPAS Regulations (Part 101) Sub-part 3, Personnel Licensing • Remote Pilot’s Licence: • A Remote Pilot’s Licence (RPL) may be issued in the aeroplane, helicopter or multi-rotor category. • The ratings that may be endorsed on the licence are: • Visual line-of-sight operations (VLOS) • Extended visual line-of-sight operations (EVLOS) • Beyond visual line-of-sight operations (BVLOS) • Must have successfully completed a theoretical knowledge examination and flight training. • An RPL is valid for 24 months extended for a further 24 months after each revalidation check. • A holder of an RPL can apply to the SACAA for an instructor rating and remote pilot instructors can apply for designation as remote pilot examiners.

  17. RPAS Regulations (Part 101) Sub-part 3, Personnel Licensing Foreign RPL training: DCA approval has to be obtained before any foreign theoretical or flight training is undertaken if it is to be accredited towards a South African RPL. Pilot’s logbook: The holder of an RPL must maintain in a pilot’s logbook a record of all his or her flight time, instrument time, simulation time and instruction time. The holder of an RPL must make the logbook available for inspection upon a reasonable request by an authorised officer, inspector or authorised person.

  18. RPAS Regulations (Part 101) Sub-part 3, Personnel Licensing RPAS Training Organisations - An approved organisation that conducts the theoretical and practical training required for the issue of an RPAS license All commercially operated RPAS require Licenced Pilots RTO’s will provide the training towards the issue of an RPL Pilots licence Existing ATOs can amend their Operation Specifications (13 categories) For new RTO’s there is a five phase process that needs to be followed

  19. RPAS Regulations (Part 101) Sub-part 4, RPAS Operators’ Certificate No person is allowed to operate an RPAS in unless they have a valid ROC(valid for 12 months ) including the operations specifications in the case of a commercial, corporate or non-profit operation and commercial operations must also have an air services licence issued. An ROC holder has to develop an operations manualcontaining all the information required to demonstrate how such operator will ensure compliance with the regulations and how safety standards will be applied and achieved during such operations. The holder of an ROC must have a safety management system commensurate with the size of the organisation or entity and the complexity of its operations. An ROC holder shall at all times be adequately insured for third party liability.

  20. RPAS Regulations (Part 101) Sub-part 5, RPAS Operations • Limitations for Class 1 and 2 RPA • Except by the holder of an ROC and as approved by the Director of Civil Aviation: • No person shall use a public road as a place of landing or take-off of an RPA • No RPAS may be operated in controlled airspace • No object or substance shall be released, dispensed, dropped, delivered or deployed from an RPA • No RPA shall carry dangerous goods as cargo • No RPA shall be operated: • above 400 ft. above ground level • within a radius of 10 km from an aerodrome • within restricted or prohibited airspace • adjacent to or above a nuclear power plant, prison, police station, crime scene, court of law, national key point or strategic installation. • An RPA shall not be operated beyond visual-line-of-sight nor at night • No person shall operate an RPA directly overhead a public road, any person • or group of people or within a lateral distance of 50 m of any person • or group of people, structure or building or public road

  21. RPAS Regulations (Part 101) Sub-part 5, RPAS Operations • Prohibitions - Unless exempted as per Part 11 of the Civil Aviation Regulations • For private operations Class 1A and 1B • No RPA shall: • • Tow another aircraft • • Perform aerial or aerobatic displays • • Be flown in formation or swarm • RPAS to be operated in radio line-of-sight • NOTE: Other than the approval of the Director of Civil Aviation, approval from other governmental departments/authorities may be required (e.g. municipality)

  22. RPAS Regulations (Part 101) Sub-part 5, RPAS Operations • Weather conditions must allow for unobstructed visual contact with the RPA unless in B-VLOS or night operations as approved. • Must comply with Command and Control operational requirements as prescribed in SACATS 101 • Precautions and Safety Considerations • RPA - fit-to-fly condition • Pilot - hold a valid license issued in terms of Part 101 • RPS – compatible and interoperable with the aircraft to which it is connected • RPAS operation – shall not endanger the safety of any person, property or other aircraft • Radio communications • Air-band radio required and contact maintained with the relevant ATSU • A Flight folio or similar document • Must be accessible at the remote pilot station at all times during flight • kept up to date and legible. Maintenance, fuel, charging and • oil records must be recorded.

  23. RPAS Regulations (Part 101) Sub-part 5, RPAS Operations Power reserves: VLOS and B-VLOS must have enough fuel/charge to complete the flight plus a reserve of at least 10% First aid kit – contents as per SA-CATS 91 within the RPS and within 300m of the take off and landing points Hand-held Fire Extinguisher within the RPS and within 300m of the take off and landing points Remote Pilot Duties/Responsibilities? Complete pre-flight preparations as per SA-CATS 101 Accountable for the safe operation of the RPAS Operate the aircraft according to the manual, ensure separation and avoidance Ensure the take-off and landing area is safe and suitable for the type of operation and aircraft

  24. RPAS Regulations (Part 101) Sub-part 5, RPAS Operations • Alcohol and drugs: • Applicable to the remote pilot, observer and RMT • No consumption of alcohol less than 8 hours prior to reporting for duty • Concentration of alcohol in blood may not exceed 0.02g/100ml • No consumption of alcohol or psychoactive substance during duty • Accidents and Incidents • All accidents and incidents involving an RPA need to be reported where there is: • any injury or death to a person; • damage to property; or • destruction of the RPA beyond economical repair • All incidents involving an RPA where loss of control occurred shall be reported to the holder of the ROC

  25. RPAS Regulations (Part 101) Sub-part 5, Security • The holder of an ROC shall: • Conduct background checks on all personnel recruited for deployment, handling and storage of any RPAS • Conduct criminal record checks every 24 months on all personnel employed in the deployment, handling, and storage of RPAS • Ensure that RPAS not in use are stored in a secure manner to prevent and detect unauthorised interference or use • Ensure that the RPAS is protected from acts of unlawful interference • Ensure that the RPA is stored and prepared for flight in a manner that will prevent and detect tampering and ensure the integrity of vital systems • Designate a security coordinator responsible for the implementation, application and supervision of the security controls • Ensure that all personnel employed in the deployment, handling, and storage of RPAS have received security awareness training

  26. Current RPAS Situation • There are currently just 14 RPAS Operators who have received their ROC • There are many stories of ROC applications that are still being processed for more than a year • Most other countries do not require an Air Services License for RPAS • The South African economy could miss out on the benefits of RPAS as exponential growth is being witnessed internationally • The relevant CAA personnel are keen and willing to help but are understaffed, overloaded and are no longer allocated solely to RPAS • There are currently over three hundred trained RPLs waiting to be able to fly legally • A new supporting document (AIC 021-2017) has been issued that deals with Experimental and Research RPAS • The RPAS TGM is currently under review and is to be updated

  27. Questions and discussions

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